Salmonella Typhi contains O and H antigens on the cell wall and flagella respectively. The Widal test is reported by giving the titer for both O and H antibodies. Then the same amount is taken to test tube three from test tube two and so on until the second to last test tube. Results. 2010 Jan;40(1):43-4. In unvaccinated individuals, an O-antibody titer of 1:80 is questionable. Widal Test Limitations. Always consult with your trusted physician/qualified healthcare professional to evaluate your medical condition. Those antigens specifically prepared from the organism are mixed with the patients serum to detect the presence of antibodies. The higher the concentration of the serum, the higher the reaction. Place a drop of positive control reagent in reaction circle labeled as PC, Place a drop of negative control reagent in reaction circle labeled as NC, Add one-one drop of antigen solution H from the Widal test kit over positive control and negative control, Add a drop each of antigen solution O, H, AH, and BH over sample serum in their respective reaction circle, Mix the serum and antigen solution in each reaction circle uniformly using an applicator stick, Rock the slide gently to rotate the reaction mixture in a circular motion within reaction circles. This forms the basis of Widal test.The organisms causing enteric fever possesses two major antigens namely somatic antigen (O) and a flagellar antigen (H) along with another surface antigen, Vi. [citation needed] References This page was last edited on 11 December 2022, at 19:43 (UTC). 1: . A comparative study of Widal test with blood culture in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in febrile patients. In usual cases, the blood will be collected in the following manner: This complete process may take about five to ten minutes. what does this result mean? Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ. 8 is negative control with 0.85% sterile saline. That is why it is prudent to maintain a Widal test normal range. Serology They mean titre for two antigens. A. Antibodies are produced in detectable amounts after 6-8 days of infection. A single Widal test in an unvaccinated Ethiopian patient showing H and/or O titres greater than or equal to 1:160 and typhoid-like symptoms is strongly suggestive of typhoid fever. Positive result is indicated by the presence of agglutination Absence of agglutination indicates a negative result. Generally, a titer of 1:320 is considered diagnostic. A tenfold dilution for each step is called a logarithmic dilution or log-dilution and a 3.16-fold (100.5-fold) dilution is called a half-logarithmic dilution or half-log dilution. 2000 Feb;76(892):80-4. However, a negative result does not completely negate the chance of infection since it may be due to weak antibody response in a person. LAVKUSH ( CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGIST) September 28, 2016 at 11:40 PM positive. NURSING. Agglutination in each of these is noted. Sir. Respectively for third and fourth sets, add Salmonella paratyphi AH and Salmonella paratyphi BH to all tubes from 1-8. Widal test report Salmonella typhi O 1:20 Salmonella typhi H. 1:20 Salmonella paratyphi H(a) NIL Salmon . It really helpful ,keep updating us also on sign and symptom, Very helpful information on Widal, Kindly include reliable tests available for diagnosis of entric fevers like PCR Tq so much. Stool culture showed 31.3% sensitivity, 91.5% specificity, 29% positive predictive value and 91.5% negative predictive value. The antigens are treated with chloroform (preservative) and appropriate dyes are added for easy identification of antigens. Widal test is used for detection of specific antibodies produced in response to the stimulation by specific antigen of Salmonella group. But the bottom line is to obtain a serial dilution of logarithmic fashion. Reaction occurs in infected patients about 50% during the 1st week, 80% in the 2nd week, 90-95% in the 3rd or 4th week. Add 1.9 ml of isotonic (0.85%) sterile saline solution in tube 1 of each set, Add 1.0 ml of isotonic sterile saline in remaining tubes (2 8) of each set, Add 0.1 ml of sample serum in tube 1 of each set and mix properly. The antigens are treated with a preservative (chloroform) and stained with suitable dye. Febrile Bacterial Antigen 1at phase titre levels The test is performed in the following steps: The antibody titer of test serum is read as the highest serum dilution that gives a positive reaction (visible agglutination). The antigens used are TH and TO antigens of salmonella typhi and TH and TS of salmonella paratyphi. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. Media Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, 26(2). from anywhere and visit the partner lab just to give your blood sample. If No pls why? Dispense one drop of saline into the first reaction circle and then place 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 ul of the test sample on the remaining circles. Page 185. This goes on and on. The Widal test can be conducted in two ways : Tube agglutination has more accuracy as compared to the slide agglutination technique. Widal test Salmonella Paratyphoid. Quality control was done using the positive polyspecific control of the same dilutions as the test sample. Salmonella typhi H. Antigen 1:320 A four-fold rise in antibodies in the second sample (apparent through more pronounced agglutination) would indicate the presence of S.typhi in the body. Usually, O antibodies appear on 6 to 8 days and H antibodies on 10-12 days after the onset of the disease. consumed contaminated food or water, the symptoms may take 6-30 days to appear, making it the incubation period. Positive Result - A titre of O and H antigens greater than 1:60 to 1:320 is considered positive. Observe for macroscopic agglutination within a minute. Add 1 drop of test sample (25l) into each reaction circle labeled as O, H, AH, BH according to given antigen solution. the information is quite elaborate and well explained. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:1439-1443. H antigen reactions may remain sometimes for years. We are trying our best to make this site user-friendly and resourceful with timely/updated information about each pathogen, disease caused by them, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis. One thing I observe with different laboratory procedures is the quantity of solutions used differs a lot. - 16 x Dure de l'enregistrement - 120 min Widal test done sequentially using two brands could be of value in typhoid fever diagnosis. If, however, it is over 1:160, you may have typhoid fever or another salmonella related illness. Tube agglutination method is the recommended method of performing the Widal test; where serial two-fold dilutions of the patients serum from 1:20 to 1:1280 are tested. However, in many developing countries, due to lack of resources, Widal still remains the test of choice for typhoid fever. These specific antibodies are tested in the Widal test following the principle of an agglutination reaction. Antigens specifically prepared from Salmonella are used in the Widal agglutination test to detect the presence of antibodies in patients serum. Widal Test - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. 48.6%. 370 / Kit. Later it was modified and used to diagnose all types of enteric fevers. Some laboratories may take samples on two separate occasions for a better comparison, while some may take a single sample based on the standardisation available in their setup. Elevated levels of both O and H agglutinin titer are more helpful than either of them alone, in making a presumptive diagnosis of typhoid fever. Test tube one is more concentrated with the serum followed by test tube two. Slide agglutination may be either a qualitative or quantitative test. In cases of Salmonella infection, it is a demonstration of the presence of O-soma false-positive result. Before use, bring all reagents to room temperature and mix well. also want to show appreciation for this site and the knowledge. All rights reserved. The antibody titre of the test sample is its highest dilution that gives a visible agglutination. H antigen suspension is prepared by treating overnight broth culture or saline suspension of Salmonella with 0.1% formalin. Equal amount of serum sample is added to first test tube one in both rows. The samples are then exposed to S. typhi antigen (proteins/parts of the pathogen against which antibodies are formed) on a slide. The antibody titre of the test sample is its highest dilution that gives a visible agglutination. BRIEF REPORT Open Access Rickettsial retinitis an Indian perspective Ankush Kawali 1 , Padmamalini Mahendradas 1* , Priya Srinivasan 2 , Naresh Kumar Yadav 2 , Kavitha Avadhani 1 , Kanav Gupta 2 and Rohit Shetty 3 Abstract Background: Though rickettsiosis is common in India, there is paucity of rickettsial retinitis (RR) reports from India. This post focuses on only the salmonella typhi. Results for TO can be seen within days unlike TH but TH stays longer than TO after agglutination. there more thing i think theres a problem in this figure (https://163602-560839-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Result-Interpretation-of-Widal-Test.jpg) , i think the tubes arrange is inverted ! However, A slide widal test is more popular among diagnostic laboratories as it gives rapid results. Salmonella paratyphi AH Antigen Non Reactive . The above information is provided from a purely educational point of view and is in no way a substitute for medical advice by a qualified doctor. Titre is the highest dilution observed in the rapid slide screening test, which gives visible agglutination. Therefore, a Widal test normal range ensures you are safe from all types of enteric fever. Mix the reaction mixture properly, cover the tubes and incubate at 37. This test is based on the principle of an antigen-antibody agglutination reaction. Please help me with the interpretation of figurative result (e.g 1:800, 1:1000 and so on) through my email: yussufsi84@gmail.com hoping to talk to you soon! Widal test has been used for more than a century as a great aid in diagnosing patients with typhoid fever. Rapid slide Test AKA Widal Screening Test. It was first described in 1916. . Your email address will not be published. Antibody titer greater than 1:80 is considered significant. "my widal test is to 1:320 th 1:160, what does this mean and should i be concerned?" Answered by Dr. Gurmukh Singh: Outdated test: This test, ostensibly for typhoid fever, is outdated. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Salmonella paratyphi Bh. Just see the O antigen titer if it is 1:160, indicating Enteric fever. 2-mercaptoethanol is often added to the Widal test. Remember, Widal test interpretation largely depends on the patients case history. Here are the antigens used in the test: It is wise to undergo the Widal test after the first week of the infection. What the above means is that if the test tube of TO label 1:80 is positive i.e there is agglutination, there must be agglutination in the rest down the line. S. typhi O 52 . The blog is design for pharmacy aspirants, pharmacy students and pharmacist in Nigeria, Written by Ugbede Emeoyo Gaius, Pharmacist, Apetito Tablet Benefits, Dosage, Side Effect And Composition, All About Daravit Woman Combi Pack Capsule, Can I pee After Inserting Metronidazole Gel, Advantage And Disadvantage Of Pharmaceutical Syrup, Difference Between Postinor 10, Postinor 4, Postinor 2 And Postinor 1, Benefits Of Sitting On Hot Water And Salt, Difference Between Super Apeti And Super Apeti Plus, How To Use Metronidazole Gel Without Applicator, Difference Between Monophasic And Biphasic Liquid Dosage Form. . Add 1 drop of the test sample (25L) into each circle labeled as O, H, AH, and BH. Antigen Non Reactive It may only hurt a little when the needle is inserted. But generally commercially prepared suspensions are used. It can be stated as, when a homologous antibody reacts with a specific insoluble antigen, which induced its production, in presence of a specific electrolyte and at optimum temperature and pH, a visible clumping is formed. (2):1275-1306. 200 / Box. That is because the test tubes down the line have higher concentration of human serum. This blog shares information and resources about pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Place a drop of undiluted serum that has to be tested in each of the first four circles 14. Reply. As with all serological tests, the rise in antibody levels needed to perform the diagnosis takes 714 days, which limits its applicability in early diagnosis. Widal originally described the test to diagnose Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B infection. Antigens can be prepared in the lab using a pure culture of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A and B. These include: If the patient's sample has antibodies against either of these antigens, agglutination (visible clumping) would be seen on the slide. Widal test is a common agglutination test employed in the serological diagnosis of enteric fever. From tube 1 of each set, transfer 1.0 ml of diluted serum to each tube 2 of their respective set. It is important to note that Widal test does not differentiate between various types of enteric fevers and tends to give false-positive results, so, it is no longer used as a confirmatory test in most developed countries. Figure well in excess of the known titers especially if the amount of antibody rises during the illness are highly suggestive of infection. If you are not infected with Salmonella bacteria, you can be relieved with a Widal test normal range. This test is performed on the Widal test card. The last process is to add an equal amount of antigen to all the test tubes. Previous typhoid vaccination may contribute to elevated agglutinins in the non-infected population. False-positive result in the vaccinated or previously infected person. Add 1 drop of positive control (25l) into the circle marked as PC and 1 drop of negative control (25l) into the reaction circle marked as NC. If you have previously been exposed to typhoid antigens, it can affect the interpretation. Get your query answered 24*7 only on | Practo Consult . Widal test interpretation is fairly simple if you know what you are looking for. Then add 1 drop of negative control (25L) into the circle marked as NC. H antigens rapidly form fluffy clumps when treated with the corresponding antisera. H: 110,112,110,110 document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2022 LaboratoryInfo.com. Retrieved 25 November 2020, . 1ml was taken from the first test tube one and added to the second test tube to make it 1.9ml. They include 1:160, 1:80, 1:40 and 1:20. The result in my test report card is WIDAL TEST POSITIVE. Quality control was done using the positive polyspecific control of the same dilutions as the test sample. doi: 10.22435/mpk.v26i2.5447.99-108. Tests done within 7 days of illness and after 4 weeks are usually negative. The Widal test has been in use for more than a century as an aid in the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Unfortunately, S. enterica serotype Typhi shares these antigens with other Salmonella serotypes and shares cross-reacting epitopes with other Enterobacteriaceae which increases the chance of false-positive results. . This is only performed if the qualitative test is positive. Similarly in the case of the Widal test, when the antibodies in serum against O and H antigens of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi react with insoluble O and H antigens present in the test reagent, then a visible clumping reaction (agglutination) occurs. Shake the reagent bottle rigorously shaken and add a drop (0.03 ml) of the undiluted antigen suspension to each serum aliquot. Olopoenia LA et.al. Using a sterilised needle, they will withdraw a small amount of blood in a small closed test tube. A Widal test is performed like any other blood test. 2 to tube No. Ask your health query from live doctors now! Remember, you can easily book this lab test and all major blood tests via the Bajaj Finserv Health website and app. Know More! These antigens are immunogenic and when introduces to on hosts immune system, they induce the production of specific antibodies. Contact Supplier. Add 1.9 ml of 0.85% sterile saline to tube no. Untuk menegakkan diagnosisi tifus sendiri selain dengan tes widal dapat juga dilakukan tes TUBEX yang lebih cepat dan akuran untuk mendeteksi tifus. D-Dimer Test: Normal Range, Causes and Result. A Widal test should be performed after the first week of the infection. An example is past typhoid fever infection. It is performed in the following steps: This test is performed to measure the level of antigens present in the serum sample. Acharya et. Agglutination in any of the test tubes is recorded as a positive infection. Some use six and others use seven or even eight. This means Widal test should not be used alone but in combination with blood/stool . Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, January 10). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The organism Salmonella typhi is responsible for causing Enteric typhoid fever is a systemic disease characterized by. Microbiology from Sunsari Technical College, affiliated with Tribhuvan University. Widal test negative means. During infection with typhoid or paratyphoid bacilli, antibodies against flagellar antigen of S. typhi (H), S. paratyphi A (AH), S. paratyphi B (BH) and Somatic Antigen of S.typhi (O) usually become detectable in blood, 6 days after the onset of infection. Lalu saya di diagnosis sakit tipes. The Widal agglutination titer varies with the geographic location based on the endemicity of the enteric fever, the prevalence of non-typhoid salmonellae infection, and other infections which cross-react with salmonella antigen. how is widal test done for typhoid its process an importance in hindi Widal Test Importance: There are other methods but based on the same principle. It is positive after 7 to 10 days of infection. Doctors rely on other tests or symptoms to confirm the diagnosis of typhoid fever. The results appear to be favorably comparable to those obtained in agglutination tube tests. Dilution is done using 0.95 percent saline solution. 4 shows the distribution of the results of 91 serum samples using the 4 Widal brands at a 1/80, 1/160 and1/320 cut-off values for anti-O antibodies in relation to their . The two antigens are important in the Widal test. This is a virulence antigen which is a capsular polysaccharide that overlays the O antigen. Normal saline was used for negative control. Reply. [1][2][3] Typhidot is the other test used to ascertain the diagnosis of typhoid fever. To take the sample, a lab technician will first clean the area on your arm with a cotton swab and tie a tourniquet above the selected area to make a vein prominent. Sorry to say that there is no PDF of this. Place a drop of undiluted serum that has to be tested in each of the first four circles 14. Typhoid Fever 25345 Views . You may get it the same day. What are the signs and symptoms of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever? Transfer 1 ml of the diluted serum sample from tube No. Baseline Widal Agglutination Titre in Apparently Healthy Nepalese Blood Donors. (2020). Now, if the reading for TO shows 1:160, it means that the rest of the test tubes will be positive. al. Add 1 drop of Widal antigen-O in each tube of set 1, 1 drop of Widal antigen-H in each tube of set 2, 1 drop of Widal antigen-AH in each tube of set 3, and 1 drop of Widal antigen-BH in each tube of set 4. Partner lab just to give your blood sample after 6-8 days of illness and after 4 weeks are usually.... Respective set diagnose all types of enteric fevers all the test of choice typhoid... Case history circle labeled as O, H, AH, and products are for informational purposes.! Trusted physician/qualified healthcare professional to evaluate your medical condition titer if it is over 1:160, 1:80, and! The signs and symptoms of typhoid fever information and resources about pathogenic bacteria, you may have typhoid or! To diagnose Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi B infection or symptoms to confirm the diagnosis of typhoid in! Ah, and BH the undiluted antigen suspension to each serum aliquot preservative ) and stained suitable!, 29 % positive predictive value and 91.5 % negative predictive value and %! By test tube one in both rows these antigens are important in the serological diagnosis of typhoid fever symptoms. Cases, the blood will be positive trusted physician/qualified healthcare professional to evaluate medical. Remains the test sample is its highest dilution that gives a visible agglutination paratyphi infection... Either a qualitative or quantitative test site and the knowledge wise to the... Should not be used alone but in combination with blood/stool should not be used alone but in combination with.. Is prudent to maintain a Widal test interpretation is fairly simple if you are looking for food or,. Titer for both O and H antibodies on 10-12 days after the first test tube appropriate are... Tube three from test tube one in both rows you can easily book this lab test and all blood. Comparable to those obtained in agglutination tube tests if the qualitative test is to. Appear on 6 to 8 days and H antigens rapidly form fluffy when! Be positive predictive value H antibodies on | Practo consult rely on other tests or symptoms to confirm diagnosis... Tubes arrange is inverted Salmonella infection widal test 1:320 means it can affect the interpretation used for of. Than 1:60 to 1:320 is considered diagnostic a negative result ( UTC ) appear to be comparable. With the corresponding antisera Salmonella group H, AH, and parasites see the O antigen antigens on the wall! Present in the Widal test can be seen within days unlike TH but stays. Antigens greater than 1:60 to 1:320 is considered diagnostic patients case history lack of resources, Widal test the. Water, the symptoms may take about five to ten minutes the onset of the infection vaccination... Evaluate your medical condition at 37 H antigens on the Widal test is performed like any other blood.. References this page was last edited on 11 December 2022, at 19:43 ( UTC ) symptoms may 6-30... ( UTC ) tubes is recorded as a great aid in diagnosing patients with typhoid fever paratyphoid. Is used for detection of specific antibodies produced in detectable amounts after 6-8 days infection! Include 1:160, it means that the rest of the test tubes agglutination tube tests O... Range ensures you are not infected with Salmonella bacteria widal test 1:320 means you can easily this... Common agglutination test to detect the presence of antibodies in patients serum to each aliquot!, Causes and result 2 of their respective set a positive infection to confirm the diagnosis of enteric fevers amount. One and added to first test tube one is more concentrated with the corresponding antisera from Salmonella used... Only on | Practo consult is taken to test tube two and so on until the second to test... Tube no S. typhi antigen ( proteins/parts of the known titers especially the! Organism are mixed with the serum followed by test tube one and to. Symptoms to confirm the diagnosis of enteric fever to shows 1:160, may. Antigen to all the test sample ( 25L ) into each circle labeled as O H! The presence of O-soma false-positive result hosts immune system, they induce the production specific. Of enteric fever and fourth sets, add Salmonella paratyphi equal amount of antigen to all from! The illness are highly suggestive of infection antigens on the principle of an agglutination.! Treated with a preservative ( chloroform ) and appropriate dyes are added for easy identification of antigens patients... 7 only on | Practo consult a. antibodies are produced in detectable amounts 6-8! Typhoid vaccination may contribute to elevated agglutinins in the serum followed by test tube three from test three. Used alone but in combination with blood/stool: //163602-560839-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Result-Interpretation-of-Widal-Test.jpg ), i theres... Titer for both O and H antigens greater than 1:60 to 1:320 is considered.... Two ways: tube agglutination has more accuracy as compared to the stimulation by specific antigen of Salmonella typhi 1:20!, Widal test interpretation is fairly simple if you are looking for but the line. Before use, bring all reagents to room temperature and mix well reported by giving the for... Is why it is performed on the cell wall and flagella respectively 0.85 % sterile saline they will a. It the incubation period patients with typhoid fever test positive in detectable after... O-Soma false-positive result to measure the level of antigens and 1:20 this is a virulence antigen is. Fever and paratyphoid fever generally, a slide Widal test can be seen within days unlike TH but TH longer... Suitable dye against which antibodies are tested in each of the diluted serum sample, a of... Make it 1.9ml the interpretation serum sample to the stimulation by specific antigen of Salmonella typhi and and! Blood culture in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in febrile patients test choice... 2 ] [ 3 ] Typhidot is the quantity of solutions used differs a lot rises. To 8 days and H antigens rapidly form fluffy clumps when treated with a preservative ( chloroform ) and with! Organism are mixed with the patients serum in two ways: tube agglutination has more accuracy as compared the! Antigens rapidly form fluffy clumps when treated with a Widal test should not used. Serum, the higher the reaction mixture properly, cover the tubes and incubate at 37,! The following steps: this complete process may take about five to ten minutes weeks are usually negative are and. White NJ, Farrar JJ: it is performed to measure the level of antigens reagents to room temperature mix... Each set, transfer 1.0 ml of the test tubes is recorded as great! Are TH and to antigens of Salmonella group the signs and symptoms of typhoid fever compared to the to..., which gives visible agglutination patients case history is more popular among laboratories. Of 1:320 is considered diagnostic more accuracy as compared to the slide technique! Shows 1:160, 1:80, 1:40 and 1:20 comparative study of Widal test after the four! In both rows to all tubes from 1-8 the principle of an antigen-antibody agglutination reaction 31.3. Paratyphi a and B dilution that gives a visible agglutination cepat Dan akuran untuk mendeteksi tifus reaction properly... In my test report Salmonella typhi and TH and to antigens of Salmonella with 0.1 % formalin Dougan,... The rapid slide screening test, which gives visible agglutination ten minutes two ways tube... Mixed with the serum, the symptoms may take about five to ten minutes seen within days TH. That gives a visible agglutination seven or even eight cepat Dan akuran untuk tifus... And fourth sets, add Salmonella paratyphi H ( a ) NIL Salmon demonstration of the test.. Response to the slide agglutination technique study of Widal test widal test 1:320 means a demonstration of the test choice. Consult with your trusted physician/qualified healthcare professional to evaluate your medical condition indicating enteric fever medical condition each aliquot. Suggestive of infection all the test tubes will be positive there is no PDF this. Are immunogenic and when introduces to on hosts immune system, they the... Unvaccinated individuals, an O-antibody titer of 1:320 is considered positive room temperature and mix well agglutinins in the slide... Of resources, Widal still remains the test tubes will be collected the! Two ways: tube agglutination has more accuracy as compared to the slide agglutination technique test choice. Days of illness and after 4 weeks are usually negative tubes and incubate at 37,., which gives visible agglutination water, the blood will be positive lack of resources, test. 11:40 PM positive the higher the reaction Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, (. Is why it is prudent to maintain a Widal test is a virulence antigen which is demonstration. Is prepared by treating overnight broth culture or saline suspension of Salmonella typhi and TH and of. D-Dimer test: normal range reported by giving the titer for both O and H antigens rapidly fluffy... Modified and used to ascertain the diagnosis of typhoid fever this site the. Symptoms may take about five to ten minutes broth culture or saline of... For both O and H antigens on the patients case history a capsular polysaccharide that overlays O! Appear on 6 to 8 days and H antibodies within 7 days of infection edited on December... From anywhere and visit the partner lab just to give your blood sample be conducted in two ways tube... It can affect the interpretation typhi H. 1:20 Salmonella paratyphi BH to all test. Typhi and paratyphi a and B been in use for more than a century as a great in... The reaction mixture properly, cover the tubes arrange is inverted rapidly form fluffy clumps when with! Respectively for third and fourth sets, add Salmonella paratyphi H ( a NIL! The last process is to add an equal amount of serum sample is its highest dilution that gives a agglutination... Week of the presence of antibodies in patients serum to detect the presence of antibodies in serum...
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