Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). The activity described include the combing of the little white girl's hair, dressing her, drawing a baththe kind of simple activities Claudia was expected to participate in with her own little blonde doll. The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . This logical but mistaken chain of reasoning adds a rare note of humor to the story that is unfolding. [26] Germany had to import most of its iron, rubber, oil, bauxite, copper and nickel, making naval blockade a devastating weapon against the German economy. They realize the other prostitutes are not fat, and based on their mother's gossip about the prostitutes believe the reason for this is because they drink whiskey. He plays God, and refuses to deal with the subjectivity of other living things in a meaningful wayhe convinces himself that he is acting in the best interests of Bob the dog and Pecola, but the narrator makes clear that Soaphead Church has no real concern for either. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. As an ally of France, they got advice on the Maginot design and applied it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. Discount, Discount Code [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. His proclivity for young girls is foreshadowed earlier when he has Frieda and Claudia search his body for the magic penny, but as Claudia tells us then, they have fond memories of Henry despite what he has done. The community knows. In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. I seem to recall you are new to the game. Built at a cost that possibly exceeded $9 billion in. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Renews March 8, 2023 [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army. Frieda equates being "ruined" to being like the Maginot Line, because she heard her mother say that the Maginot Line was a "ruined" woman. He is fiercely protective of his daughters. The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. She lies in an empty lot ruminating and then heads home. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. [4], Postwar assessment of whether the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed. The French strategy was already set in millions of cubic feet of concrete. Free trial is available to new customers only. Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Ptain, and the government organised many reports and commissions. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. for a group? [37] In support, Roth commented that the French strategy envisioned one of two possibilities by advancing into Belgium: "either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win, or, more likely, a front would develop and stabilise". When the bigger plan went to crap, the Maginot Line went along with it.". On your tree as germany there is a focus that takes 28 days called around the maginot. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". What was the Purpose of the Maginot Line? Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat. Principal line of resistance: This line began 10km (6mi) behind the border. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. The insinuation that Frieda might be "ruined" does not make Mrs. MacTeer angry at Frieda; the wrath of Frieda's mother is directed entirely at Miss Dunion. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye, The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye. Cloches are non-retractable turrets. She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. She has renounced her own black family for the family of her white employer. . [17] Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of the German military reoccupying the Rhineland or breaking Part V, while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a "flagrant violation" of the Rhineland's demilitarised status, it did not define what a "flagrant violation" would be. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." Purchasing To put this geography into perspective, Germany is not much bigger than the state of Wisconsin. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Check out the Hackenberg Maginot Fort, now a military museum offering tours, and the Schoenenbourg Fort. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. Named after Andr Maginot, the French Minister of War, it ran along the eastern border with Germany and Luxemburg and stretched across 450km (~300mi). The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. [55] It was also frequently referenced in wartime films, notably Thunder Rock, The Major and the Minor (albeit as a comedic metaphor) and Passage to Marseille. [39][40], The historian Clayton Donnell commented, "If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France, most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money in reality, the line was not built to be the ultimate saviour of France". The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. 11. He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. LitCharts Teacher Editions. After a long series of failures in his studies and migration, Elihue has settled in Lorrain and become the local fortune teller/sorcerer. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. SparkNotes PLUS The white neighborhood in which Mrs. Breedlove works is beautiful and well kept, demonstrating the connection between race and class. As far as we know, Soaphead Church is the only mortal being to whom Pecola has revealed her wish, and his emotional reaction is admiration. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. In a sense, the way the MacTeer girls read and misread the adult world echoes the Dick-and-Jane reader at the beginning of the novel. After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward. Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. While an understanding of the Line's creation is vital to any study of World War I, World War II, and the period in between, this knowledge is also helpful when interpreting a number of modern references. [41] Kaufmann and Kaufmann comment that it was an unintended consequence of Andr Maginot's efforts to "focus the public's attention on the work being done, emphasising the role and nature of the line". Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. The passage is written with poetic tone, turning Blue Jack into something like a figure of myth, male and strong and holding up the watermelon so that it blocks out the sun. -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. She is affectionate but physically in decay. The women live together in an apartment above the Breedloves. They find the house and see Pecola sitting on the stoop outside. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. [18], France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire, as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Both of the girls think that being ruined means becoming fat like Marie, and believe that Poland and China aren't fat only because they drink whiskey. China, Poland, and Miss Marie These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is "ruined." For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. The sisters go to the Breedlove home, but no one is there. Some of the larger ouvrages were converted to command centres. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. The location of this attack, chosen because of the location of the Maginot Line, was through the Belgian Ardennes Forest (sector 4), which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 (as marked). The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. She is pretty, playful andaffectionate. This section opens with a long description of his character and ancestry. They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. He is capable of both tenderness and rage, but as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates. The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. High-voltage Transmission Lines, initially above-ground but then buried, and connected to the civil power grid, provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses. The fire control stations would give orders to the hundreds of anti-tank and heavy artillery positions that could pop out of the ground and fire from armored turrets. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. $24.99 [43] Kaufmann and Kaufmann commented, "When all is said and done, the Maginot Line did not fail to accomplish its original mission it provided a shield that bought time for the army to mobilise [and] concentrate its best troops along the Belgian border to engage the enemy. Breedlove. Today the Maginot Line has become a metaphor for expensive efforts which offer only a false sense of security. The fights become more and more violent. It breaks and the girls run away, scared. In contrast, Pecola spills blackish blueberries all over the floor, underlining the connection between blackness and mess. The largest was the French Maginot Line, a system of mammoth, self-contained forts stretching from Switzerland to the vicinity of the Belgian frontier near Montmdy. Struggling with distance learning? The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. Read more about sexual initiation as a theme. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. The narrative then moves to the current story-line. creating and saving your own notes as you read. The three prostitutes are nice to her, which makes her love them.. Claudia and Frieda run away and decide that even though Pecolas mother works on the other side of town, Friedas situation is dire enough that they should go find her. During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ("Ruhr struggle") between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923, Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr. Claudia suggests that they try to get Pecola to help them find some whiskey, reasoning that Pecola should be able to help them because Cholly is always drunk. She learns that Mr. MacTeer has beaten up Mr. Henry and kicked him out of the house. The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line, and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts. All are Anglophiles who try to expunge any trace of the African in themselves. And like any trench, it belonged to the . The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. Note that the narrative of Cholly's life lays a greater emphasis on Cholly's agency. Morrison also manages to humanize Marie (the Maginot Line) without sugar-coating her. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. On a Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying. Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. Subscribe now. Subscribe now. [35] The idea was shelved. ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. He despises Darlene because his inability to protect her destroys his sense of his own masculinity. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. They understand that China and Poland are ruined as well but think that they are not fat because they drink whiskey. Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. (including. By asking Frieda if she just sat there, Claudia displays her ignorance of the realities of male oppression of women. The girls enter a wealthy, white neighborhood with beautiful homes. [clarification needed] The line stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg and a much lighter extension was extended to the Strait of Dover after 1934. [19], The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the "continental commitment" the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid, as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930. In response, The Maginot Line throws glass bottle at the girls and laughs at them as they run away. A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. Such accusations are unfounded". Subsequently the Line was of minimal military importance, and many of the fortress divisions surrendered without even fighting. [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. At fifteen, she meets Cholly; they marry and move far up to the North. Winston Churchill. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. [13] From 1871 forward, French elites had concluded that France had no hope of defeating Germany on its own, and France would need an alliance with another great power to defeat the Reich. [I] settled down to just being ugly.". The enemy's position would be communicated to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French defense from hilltop outposts. Dunion. [23], The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come via eastern France and divert it through Belgium, where French forces would meet and stop the Germans. From front to rear (east to west), the line was composed of: 1. Look like I just didn't care no more after that. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. Answer (1 of 4): To piggyback on the Merrimac theory, I found the following on @lordofkingz: The Real Scope on nursery rhyme Miss Mary Mack #DailyBlackHistory and I think it is interesting enough to share here: Slave children were taught corn ditties (the original name for Negro spirituals) to t. With the advent of French nuclear weapons in the early 1960s, the line became an expensive anachronism. The Maginot Line tells them Pecola is at her mother's workplace, explaining that Mrs. . How do colorism and classism cause this status? "The Maginot Line was never meant to fight the war by itself. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. 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