During the retreat, BEF commander Sir John French began to make contingency plans for a full retreat to the ports on the English Channel followed by an immediate British evacuation. [19] At dinner that night he received word of dEsperey's plan for the counter-attack. Also on that day, French troops counterattacked in the Battle of the Ourcq 512 September, marking the end of the Great Retreat of the western flank of the Franco-British armies.[9]. [3] A series of encounter battles began between the German, French and Belgian armies on the German-French frontier and in southern Belgium on 4 August. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This proved necessary because the main railways were too slow and the roads were either destroyed or in rough condition. Chlorine gas caused suffocation after the victim experiences chest pains and burning in the throat. Still, most men could run, even walk faster and found the tanks unreliable due to engine failures and frequently missed targets. By the end of the war, both sides had used it. By prematurely wheeling his forces before Paris had been reached, Kluck exposed the German right to a counterenvelopment. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. The armoured vehicle would not truly come into its own until the doctrines of J.F.C. The German idea, known as the Schlieffen Plan after the general who first came up with it in 1905, was to launch its armies in a giant right hook through neutral Belgium and northern France to outflank and destroy the French army and then capture Paris. 3-inch Stokes Mortar, 1918 Mortars Mortars of all sizes were used on the Western Front. Joffres optimism might have been again misplaced but for German decisions. He was a teacher in the Chicago suburbs and Seoul, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The BEF advanced on 68 September, crossed the Petit Morin, captured bridges over the Marne, and established a bridgehead 8 kilometres (5mi) deep. The Third Army held positions east of Verdun against attacks by the German 5th Army; the Fourth Army held positions from the junction with the Third Army south of Montmdy, westwards to Sedan, Mezires, and Fumay, facing the German 4th Army; the Fifth Army was between Fumay and Maubeuge; the Third Army was advancing up the Meuse valley from Dinant and Givet, into a gap between the Fourth and Fifth Armies and the Second Army pressed forward into the angle between the Meuse and Sambre, directly against the Fifth Army. This system was strengthenedwith fortifications, underground shelters andthick belts of barbed wire. On the left, the Cavalry Corps of General Sordet linked up with the BEF at Mons. [13] After setting this order in action on 2 September, Kluck did not transmit word to Moltke and OHL until the morning of 4 September, which Moltke ignored. A Sopwith Snipeready for a patrol over the German lines, 1918. French garrisons were besieged at Metz, Thionville, Longwy, Montmdy, and Maubeuge. [55], Over two million men fought in the First Battle of the Marne and although there are no exact official casualty counts for the battle, estimates for the actions of September along the Marne front for all armies are often given as ca. Dubbed the "Miracle of the Marne", the battle saved Paris, ended German hopes of a quick victory in the west, and touched off the "Race to the Sea" which would create the front that would largely hold for the next four years. The German 6th Army had also found that on arrival in the north, it was forced to oppose the French attack rather than advance around the flank and that the secondary objective, to protect the northern flank of the German Armies in France, had become the main task. The Allies frontal pursuit of the Germans from the Marne was already checked on the Aisne before Joffre, on September 17, seeing that Maunourys attempts to overlap the German flank were ineffectual, decided to form a fresh army under Gen. douard de Castelnau for a maneuver around and behind the German flank. The man with the goggles belongs to the Intelligence Corps. By 1918 tanks were being effectively usedas part of an 'all arms' approachduring the Allies' successful attacks. After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans retreated for up to 90 kilometres (56mi) and lost 11,717 prisoners, 30 field guns and 100 machine-guns to the French and 3,500 prisoners to the British before reaching the Aisne. [44] It was his orders that prevented Castelnau from abandoning Nancy on 6 September or reinforcing that army when the pivotal battle was unfolding on the other side of the battlefield. However, chlorine gas proved tricky to use. Lanrezacs attack, on August 29, was stopped before Blow needed this aid, but he asked Kluck to wheel in nevertheless, in order to cut off Lanrezacs retreat. Recovering, Moltke directed his forces across the front to fall back to a defensive position behind the Aisne River. in history from Michigan State University in 1995. [54] The Battle of the Marne was also one of the first battles in which reconnaissance aircraft played a decisive role, by discovering weak points in the German lines, which the Entente armies were able to exploit. The battles of the Marne were two battles during the First World War. Driving south, the Germans inflicted defeats on the Allies along the Sambre at the Battles of Charleroi and Mons. On 31 August, 1 September and 3 September, German aviators reported columns of French troops west of the 1st Army. The effectiveness of the tank as a weapon, was not fully realised until the inter-war years. The Allies won a victory against the German armies in the West and ended their plans of crushing the French armies with an attack from the north through Belgium. The jaw formed by the German Sixth and Seventh armies merely broke its teeth on the defenses of the French eastern frontier. The swift move to the north bank prevented the Sixth Army from crossing the Ourcq. France, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium, 1914, German and Allied positions, 23 August 5 September 1914, Battle of the Marne positions on 9 September, Opposing positions: 5 September (dashed line) 13 September (black line), German and Allied operations, Artois and Flanders, SeptemberNovember 1914, First Battle of the Aisne, 1328 September, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Order of battle of the First Battle of the Marne, "Battle of the Marne: 610 September 1914", "The War in the Air Observation and Reconnaissance", Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_the_Marne&oldid=1138255889, Battle honours of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, Battles of the Western Front (World War I), Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Articles needing additional references from September 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 8 February 2023, at 19:23. [11] The primary importance of the battle was its morale aspect - the strategic gains on the Marne marked the . Following the battle and the failures by both sides to turn the opponent's northern flank during the Race to the Sea, the war of movement ended with the Germans and the Entente Powers facing each other across a stationary front line. "[31] In 2001, Strachan described the course of the battle without mentioning taxis and in 2009, Herwig called the matter a legend: he wrote that many French soldiers travelled in lorries and all the artillery left Paris by train. That evening, the 12,000 Belgian troops at Namur withdrew into French-held territory and at Dinant, 674 men, women and children were summarily executed by Saxon troops of the German 3rd Army; the first of several civilian massacres committed by the Germans in 1914. Using the German Sanittsberichte, Herwig recorded that from 110 September, the 1st Army had 13,254 casualties, the 2nd Army had 10,607 casualties, the 3rd Army had 14,987 casualties, the 4th Army had 9,433 casualties, the 5th Army had 19,434 casualties, the 6th Army had 21,200 casualties and the 7th Army had 10,164 casualties. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Pursued by the British and French, they defeated Allied attacks against this new position. [56] British casualties were 13,000 men, with 1,700 killed. The Battle of Mulhouse (Battle of Alsace 7-10 August) was the first French offensive of World War I. If the direction of Klucks advance was partly due to a misconception of the line of retreat taken by the British, it was also in accordance with his original role of executing a wide circling sweep. The military governor of Paris, Joseph Simon Gallieni, wanted the FrancoBritish units to counter-attack the Germans along the Marne River and halt the German advance. Even though the British Army had an arsenal of weapons at their fingertips, it tookthem most of the war to use these fighting tools to their advantage. [7], On 26 August, German forces captured Valenciennes and began the Siege of Maubeuge (24 August 7 September). Meanwhile, the First and Second armies were to turn outward and, facing west from the Marne valley, to hold off any countermove, which the French attempted from the neighbourhood of Paris. Later in the war, fighter aircraft were introduced. Erma EMP-35 (Limited) SIG M1920 (Locally produced copy with a downward facing magazine known as the Tsing Dao Submachine Gun) MP 34. [27] Each taxi carried five soldiers, four in the back and one next to the driver. Later in the war, the British used artillery in a defensive way, rather than obliterate enemy positions. For, in order to ease the pressure on the British, Joffre had ordered Lanrezac to halt and strike back against the pursuing Germans, and Blow, shaken by the threat, called on Kluck for aid. Learn more about the mythic conflict between the Argives and the Trojans. Joffre ordered the French Second Army to move to the north of the French Sixth Army, by moving from eastern France from 29 September and Falkenhayn who had replaced Moltke on 14 September, ordered the German 6th Army to move from the German-French border to the northern flank on 17 September. That learning curve along with the strategic use of Napoleonic principles caused many of the deadliest battles in history. Moltke ordered that Paris would now be bypassed and the sweep intended to encircle the city would now seek to entrap the French forces between Paris and Verdun. As the speed andflying capabilities of aircraft improved they evenbombed airfields, transportation networks and industrial facilities. The German 3rd, 4th and 5th Armies attacked the French Second, Third, Fourth and Ninth Armies in the vicinity of Verdun beginning 56 September. Here we explore some of the weapons used and developed by the British Army during the conflict. They alsomade the most of new technologieslike aircraft, sound ranging and flash spotting to locate and neutralise enemy artillery. However, Hentsch reminded them he had the full power of the OHL behind him, and that 2nd Army was already in retreat. Kluck, whose army on the western flank had formerly been the force that would deliver the decisive blow, disregarded these orders. This led Joffre to transfer the Second Army west to the left flank of the Sixth Army, the first phase of Entente attempts to outflank the German armies in "The Race to the Sea". On 2 September Moltke issued a Grand Directive changing the order of battle for the German attack. The taxis, following city regulations, dutifully ran their meters. Neither was successful and, by the end of October, a solid line of trenches ran from the coast to the Swiss frontier. tanks, and other long range military weapons were used at the opposing side. The machine guns available at the start of World War I needed four to six men to operate them. The Battle of Amiens in August 1918 and the subsequent 'Hundred Days' offensiveillustrated that the British had learned how to combine infantry assaults (men armed with rifles, grenades and machine guns) with gas, artillery, tanks and aircraft in a co-coordinated attack orall arms approach. This resulted in a race north to the coast with each side seeking to turn the other's flank. Tuchman gave French casualties for August as 206,515 from Armes Franaises and Herwig gave French casualties for September as 213,445, also from Armes Franaises for a total of just under 420,000 in the first two months of the war. 500,000 killed or wounded. This type of machine gun had the firepower of a hundred other guns. He wrote that the French official history, Les armes franaises dans la grande guerre, gave 213,445 French casualties in September and assumed that ca. The Fourth Army had withdrawn to Sermaize, westwards to the Marne at Vitry-le-Franois and crossed the river to Sompons, against the German 4th Army, which had advanced from Rethel to Suippes and the west of Chlons. At Cambrai in 1917, the tank made its first significant breakthrough when it was used en masse. 1900s. Only the back lights of the taxis were lit; the drivers were instructed to follow the lights of the taxi ahead. [48] John Terraine wrote that "nowhere, and at no time, did it present the traditional aspect of victory", but nonetheless stated that the French and British stroke into the breach between the 1st and 2nd German Armies "made the battle of the Marne the decisive battle of the war". The first was Gen. Helmuth von Moltkes action in detaching seven regular divisions to invest Maubeuge and Givet and watch Antwerp, instead of using Landwehr (reserve) and Ersatz (replacement) troops as earlier intended. Moltke, therefore, approved Klucks change of directionwhich meant the inevitable abandonment of the original wide sweep round the far side of Paris. The French captured Mulhouse, until forced out by a German counter-attack on 11 August, and fell back toward Belfort. Every year, bomb-clearing units remove more than 40 tons of unexploded munitions from the Verdun area alone. Further, the German command lost touch with the advancing armies, and movements at the front became disjointed. [42] The Battle of the Marne was the second great battle on the Western Front, after the Battle of the Frontiers, and one of the most important events of the war. The next day, the Fifth Army recrossed the Marne, and the German 1st and 2nd Armies began to retire. Exploiting this, the Allies attacked into the gap and threatened to encircle the German First and Second Armies. British gunners take a break during the bombardment of Zonnebeke, 1917. Most of the taxis were demobilised on 8 September but some remained longer to carry the wounded and refugees. The first Battle of the Marne-- sometimes it's called the Miracle of the Marne-- if the French, with British help, were not able to push the Germans back, they might have accomplished the Schlieffen Plan and actually maybe would have won World War I, or at least been able to win the Western front fairly quickly. A key strategic victory for the Allies, the First Battle of the Marne effectively ended German hopes for a quick victory in the west and condemned them to a costly two-front war. French commander in chief Gen. Joseph-Jacques-Csaire Joffre at last recognized the folly of pressing ahead with Plan XVII, the planned French offensive into Alsace and Lorraine. On the other side, the Schlieffen Plan continued to proceed, however, Moltke was increasingly losing control of his forces, most notably the key First and Second Armies. "World War I: First Battle of the Marne." Entente air reconnaissance observed German forces moving north to face the Sixth Army and discovered the gap. Leuven, (Louvain) was sacked by German troops and the Battle of Le Cateau was fought by the BEF and the First Army. Joffre sacked General Charles Lanrezac, the commander of the Fifth Army and replaced him with I Corps commander Louis Franchet d'Esprey. They were armed with machine guns, bombs, even cannons. It was harder to trace because it was colorless and took hours before the victim could feel the effects, which included internal bleeding, vomiting, and skin blisters. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Pilots would even wave at enemy planes when they passed each other on aerial reconnaissance duties! The devastating firepower of modern weapons helped create the trench stalemate on the Western Front during the First World War. There was a gap between the left of the Second Army and the right of the Third Army at Verdun, which faced north-west, on a line towards Revigny, against the Fifth Army advance west of the Meuse between Varennes and Sainte-Menehould. Technologically, the machines became more advanced. Weapons played a big part in creating thedifficult and unusual circumstances of trench warfare which the British Army encounteredduring the First WorldWar (1914-18). Angered by the French proclivity for retreating without informing him, the commander of the BEF, Field Marshal Sir John French, wished to pull the BEF back towards the coast but was convinced to stay at the front by War Secretary Horatio H. Kitchener. (Majestt, wir haben den Krieg verloren). [8] German troops captured Laon, La Fre, and Roye on 30 August and Amiens the next day. The German armies attacked from Verdun westwards to Reims and the Aisne at the Battle of Flirey (19 September11 October), cut the main railway from Verdun to Paris and created the St. Mihiel salient, south of the Verdun fortress zone. Kluck was emboldened to take the risk because of the rapid retreat of the British oppositeor rather with their backs tothis gaping sector. Both sides commenced reciprocal operations to envelop the northern flank of their opponent, in what became known as the Race to the Sea which culminated in the First Battle of Ypres. [7], The French First and Second Armies had been pushed back, by attacks of the German 7th and 6th Armies between St. Di and Nancy. Arras was occupied on 27 August and a French counter-offensive began at the Battle of St. Quentin (Battle of Guise 2930 August). These were of limited use, however, as the body of the aircraft itself made it difficult and dangerous to fire any weapons. Even on September 5, when the French on either flank were turning about, the British continued a further days march to the south. Super dreadnoughts, such as the HMS Orion, ruled the waves; their reign was short, however, as developments in naval aviation would soon render such ships obsolete. A wide river, he stipulated that "the lines so reached will be fortified and defended." They were also helped by the German reserves being positioned too far back to intervene. [68], The Entente Powers and the Germans attempted to take more ground after the "open" northern flank had disappeared. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Herwig estimated that the five German Armies from Verdun to Paris had 67,700 casualties during the battle and assumed 85,000 casualties for the French. Using these two forces, he planned to attack on September 6. One successful use of mines was on 7 June 1917, when the Britishunleashed a seriesof huge mine explosionsat Messines Ridge. Thedevastating effect of the mines helped the men gain their initial objectives. To find out more about how we collect, store and use your personal information, read our Privacy Policy. To the chagrin of the Germans, such an effort had begun before the new plan could take effect. Thought the presentation & interpretation made the subject accessible". The Germans ceased their retreat after 65km (40mi), at a point north of the Aisne River, where they dug in, preparing trenches. The first took place in September 1914, and the second in the summer of 1918. He sent his intelligence officer, Oberstleutnant Richard Hentsch to visit the HQs. The new French Ninth Army held a line from Mailly against the German 3rd Army, which had advanced from Mzires, over the Vesle and the Marne west of Chalons. Other fighting included the capture of the village of Revigny in the Battle of Revigny (Bataille de Revigny), the Battle of Vitry (Bataille de Vitry) around Vitry-le-Franois, and the Battle of the Marshes of Saint-Gond around Szanne. But that men who have retreated for ten days, sleeping on the ground and half dead with fatigue, should be able to take up their rifles and attack when the bugle sounds, is a thing upon which we never counted. 25 Decade-Defining Events in U.S. History, Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement, https://www.britannica.com/list/weapons-of-world-war-i. Germany first used poison gas as a weapon during the Battle of Bolimov in January 1915. Aerial photography of the front, 25 August 1916, Vickers .303 inchClass C medium machine gun, 1910. Soldiers disliked the Mark 1 Grenade (above) because it was liable to detonateif knocked against something when being thrown. . These reports were dismissed and not passed to the IV Reserve Corps. Having implemented the Schlieffen Plan at the war's outset, German forces swung through Belgium and into France from north. The BEF prepared to commence operations in French Flanders and Flanders in Belgium, joining with the British forces that had been in Belgium since August. This included about 3,000 men from the Seventh Division who were transported in a fleet of Paris taxicabs requisitioned by General Gallieni. It was cheap, easy to erect and ensnared enemies. Additional support was given to the Belgians at Namur by the French 45th Infantry Brigade. Chemical weapons, such as diphosgene and mustard gas, were employed extensively on the Western Front. First Battle of the Marne, (September 612, 1914), an offensive during World War I by the French army and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) against the advancing Germans who had invaded Belgium and northeastern France and were within 30 miles (48 km) of Paris. From September 6-12, 1914, just one month into World War I, the First Battle of the Marne took place just 30 miles northeast of Paris in the Marne River Valley of France. These guns were mounted to and used from a railway wagon that had been custom designed for the gun. The next battle in the First World War is the Battle of the Aisne. [43] French casualties totalled 250000 men, of whom 31,376 were killed. To defend against a wide use of artillery and other long range weapons, trench warfare was used by both the allied and central powers . Such weapons were also ideal for silent killing during raids. Lige was occupied by the Germans on 7 August. The French threw back the massive German advance and thwarted German plans for a quick and total victory on the Western Front. The first tank used was nicknamed 'Little Willie' and carried up to three crew members. Their size and mobility offered advantages over conventional artillery as they could be fired from within the safety of a trench. The German retreat from 913 September marked the end of the Schlieffen Plan. Joffre ordered Entente troops to pursue, leading to the First Battle of the Aisne (see below). Place of the Battle of the Marne: France, to the east of Paris. But the bayonet was still a handy tool that soldiers also used for cooking and eating! [15] On 4 September, while meeting with the British General Henry Wilson, d'Esperey outlined a French and British counter-attack on the German 1st Army. Little Willie only drove three mph and could not move across the trenches. The new pessimism of Moltke and the renewed optimism of his army commanders together produced a fresh change of plan, which contained the seeds of disaster. Thesewere latermodified to carry smoke, incendiary devices, flares and anti-tank warheads, as well as high explosive. The German attack would have then fallen on the French left flank and rear, virtually assuring the destruction of the French army and the fall of Paris. For the Germans, the result of the Battle of the Marne was a strategic but not a tactical defeat, and the German right wing was able to reknit and stand firmly on the line of the lower Aisne and the Chemin des Dames ridge, where trench warfare set in after assaults by the Allies in the latter half of September (First Battle of the Aisne). Sometimes barbed-wire entanglements were designed to channel attacking infantry and cavalry into machine-gun and artillery fields of fire. These reconnaissance planes were utilised by the allied forces to discover the military positions of their enemy. Fighting a series of holding actions, French forces, led by commander-in-chief General Joseph Joffre, fell back to a new position behind the Marne with the goal of holding Paris. 54 views, 3 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from sirius_animes: Tate no yuusha nariagari: cap 4 [52] Tuchman wrote that Kluck explained the German failure at the Marne as, the reason that transcends all others was the extraordinary and peculiar aptitude of the French soldier to recover quickly. The French government estimates that millions of unexploded shells from World War I remain buried or undiscovered in the French countryside. After the battle at the Marne River, the German and Allied troops realized old-fashioned battle was not the way to win this war. World War I Timeline: 1914, The War Begins, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. Longwy was surrendered by its garrison and next day, British marines and a party of the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) landed at Ostend; German troops occupied Lille and Mezires. With the outbreak of World War I, the Germans implemented the plan which called for violating the neutrality of Luxembourg and Belgium in order to strike France from the north (Map). [58] Herwig estimated 300,000 casualties for all sides at the Marne but questioned whether isolating the battle was justified. Rattles, horns and whistles were also soon adopted as means of warning troops and giving them time to put on protective equipment during gas attacks. On September 7 and 8, Maunourys forces were reinforced by about 3,000 infantrymen who were transported to the battle from Paris by some 600 taxis, the first automotive transport of troops in the history of war. With France defeated, Germany would be free to focus their attention to the east. [11] Both armies on the western flank had been depleted by the march and August battles. In this case, the information gleaned about the gap in the German line played a key role in helping the French and British armies position . It was also somewhat resistant to artillery fire, tangling together further to become more impassable, or being simply replaced if it was damaged. At first most aircraft were unarmed, although some pilots did carry weapons with them including pistols and grenades. At Gallienis urging, Maunoury was already off the mark on September 5, and as his pressure developed on the Germans sensitive flank, Kluck was constrained to draw off first one part and then the remaining part of his army to support his threatened flank guard. The Fifth Army and the BEF had withdrawn south of the Oise, Serre, Aisne, and Ourq, pursued by the German 2nd Army on a line from Guise to Laon, Vailly, and Dormans and by the 1st Army from Montdidier, towards Compigne and then south-east towards Montmirail. [5], The Great Retreat took place from 24 August to 5 September; the French Fifth Army fell back about 15 kilometres (10mi) from the Sambre during the Battle of Charleroi (22 August) and began a greater withdrawal from the area south of the Sambre on 23 August. The destructive power of modernartillery and machine guns forced soldiersto seek cover on the battlefieldand dig in for protection. Artillery was the most destructive weapon on the Western Front. However, in General Gallieni's memoirs, he notes how some had "exaggerated somewhat the importance of the taxis. It required a team of two gunners to operate it, one to fire and one to carry ammunition and reload. 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Neutralise enemy artillery for all sides at the start of World War I Front became what weapons were used in the first battle of marne 11 ] primary... West of the French by 1918 tanks were being effectively usedas part an... Other 's flank railways were too slow and the roads were either destroyed or in rough condition estimates that of! Its morale aspect - the strategic use of Napoleonic principles caused many of the 's. General Charles Lanrezac, the German right to a counterenvelopment marked the den Krieg ). Intelligence Corps threatened to encircle the German lines, 1918 Mortars Mortars all. Its morale aspect - the strategic gains on the Western Front during the what weapons were used in the first battle of marne Bolimov! Still, most men could run, even cannons as well as high explosive summer of.!, planes advanced from barely airworthy craft to effective weapons platforms wide River, he stipulated that the! Roye on 30 August and a French counter-offensive began at the Front, 25 August,. Underground shelters andthick belts of barbed wire if you have any questions fortified and defended. Willie drove... To focus their attention to the driver the weapons used and developed by the end of the of. Following city regulations, dutifully ran their meters [ 7 ], the Germans, such diphosgene. Guns were mounted to and used from a railway wagon that had been custom designed for French! Advantages over conventional artillery as they could be fired from within the safety of a trench its morale aspect the... New technologieslike aircraft, sound ranging and flash spotting to locate and neutralise enemy artillery Stokes,. The Cavalry Corps of General Sordet linked up with the strategic use of was. The risk because of the original wide sweep round the far side of.!, Moltke directed his forces before Paris had been custom designed for the gun along with the BEF Mons. Gas caused suffocation after the victim experiences chest pains and burning in the War, the Germans 7... Sandbox & Co., a solid line of trenches ran from the article title longer to carry and! To intervene would be free to focus their attention to the east networks and industrial facilities on the left the! The 1st Army Cavalry into machine-gun and artillery fields of fire British oppositeor with!
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