Evidence for a great medieval earthquake (~1100 A.D.) in the central himalayas. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. 46 10.1016/S0065-2687(03)46001-9. The country is one of the 20 most threatened countries in the world. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. In Nepal, Damage was mainly destructive in central Nepal, including Kathmandu valley & Eastern part of the country. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. Topographic map of india depicts the epicentral locations of three large earthquakes; 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), marked as filled stars and the locations of the affected areas considered for the study (marked as rectangles).Most of the study areas are located on the river banks as well as on the alluvial . Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. Yeats R S, Nakata T, Faraj A, Fort M, Mirza M A, Pandey M R and Stein R S 1992 The Himalayan frontal fault system; Ann. Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. 5. Surv. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Rockwell, T. K., Ragona, D., Thakur, V. C., & Seitz, G. G. (2001). Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. The main shock was felt from Delhi in the western part of India and Pakistan to Chittagong in the east, in Bangladesh. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. Conclusions from this modeling suggested that 60 percent of all buildings in the Kathmandu Valley would experience heavy damage, many beyond repair. This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . 423482). Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. and Geology at UC Davis and . Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. In Sitamarhi, not a single house was left standing. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. lies in a seismic gap between rupture zones of Kangra (1905) and Bihar-Nepal (1934) earthquakes. Tect. At Pusa, the buildings that had housed the Imperial Institute for Agricultural Research were reduced to debris and that is the reason why the Institute was re-built at New Pusa in Delhi. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Location: Epicenter at 26.885, 86.589 19.2 km from Lahn (12.2 miles) Nepal India Border . There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). Following the major quake, twenty-eight numbers of after-shocks were recorded; where few of them were greater shocks too. The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. 1935 A report on the Bihar Earthquake and on the measures taken in consequence thereof up to the 31st December 1934. , Relief Commissioner, Bihar and Orissa. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. 74(3) 213-229. and JavaScript. In G. J. Schenk (Ed. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. To his credit Mr. Salim has more than 400 published articles on history, politics, culture and literature in English and Hindi. The source characteristics of Gorkha earthquake show that the maximum slip of 5 to 6 m was concentrated at a depth of 8 to 15 km, 70 km southeast of the epicenter [ [8] , [9 . A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. Rana, B. S. (1935). Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. C. (2019). This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January at 228PM NST (0843 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. The first was its basic . Princeton University Press. Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. 1934 AD: This is known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquakes is the strongest earthquake of the 20 th century and this. In D. W. Simpson & P. G. Richards (Eds. R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 6 85-98. The Himalayas from Assam westward have experienced four large earthquakes over the past one hundred years, each one of them of magnitude 8 or more. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. Only four storeys were left) Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna. Nature (London), 582583. These authors report that liquefaction occurred both in 1833 and 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. Shortly after the Bihar Earthquake of 1934, the social workers under a mistaken idea started constructing a bandh across an innumerable waterways blocking the roads and railways, culverts and drainage channels. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. Marcussen, E. (2017). The results indicated that there had been no marked increase either in the transfer of land or in borrowing money accepting among the improvident aboriginals of Monghyr and Bhagalpur districts. Status and action to be taken Status and action to be taken under Graded Response Action Plan in Delhi NCR: EPCA Press Conference, Order of the National Green Tribunal regarding blast at JSPL's Raigarh plant, 28/02/2023, Fist fights and clashes at public hearing for coal mine project of Jindal Steel, Indian states' electricity transition (SET), Why banning the fossil fuel industry from climate change negotiations may not be necessary, National Knowledge Commission Government of India, India Environment Portal by Centre for Science and Environment. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. This is not an exception. The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. Site Response of the Ganges Basin inferred from re-evaluated Macroseismic Observations from the M8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934 Nepal M8.1 earthquakes. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. (1939) and by Major General Brahma Uttarkashi Earthquake, 1991. . 3. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. He specializes in the quantification and simulation of Mr. Mansfield, Collector of Bhagalpur, observed that the Balan river on the border of Darbhanga and Bhagalpur districts dried up for a few seconds and it was explained that this was due to the temporary uplift of the river bed. Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. Princeton University Press. Brett,W.B. - 1st January, 1930". This earthquake of 1834 and an earlier one in 1833 of similar size and in almost the same epicenter have released some of the strain caused by the ongoing collision of the Indian and the Eurasian plates. Seismicity of earth and associated phenomenon (2nd ed.). Communications were severely tampered with. Except for the portions of Champaran and North Muzaffarpur, there was no severe flood in any of the Earthquake affected areas. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. De Graff-Hunter J 1934 The Indian earthquake (1934); Nature(London) 133 236-237. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. (2017b). affected during this earthquake. Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. Zones have been categorized as extensively damaged, Highly damaged & Least damaged zones.) The areas of greatest damage stretched from Kathmandu to Munger in the North-South direction, and from Purnea to Champaran in the East-West direction. Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. A preliminary report on the earthquake by Messrs. J. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. To the effects of shaking were added those of flood; the rivers rose high after the earthquake, bringing down sand, mud, trees, and all kinds of debris. Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. Western part of the Kathmandu suffered relatively less damage. The Waterways Division starting from Tirhut has now been extended and forms one of the main flanks in the Engineering Department of Bihar Government. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650km (404mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. Himalayan earthquakes: A review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential. Seismic imaging of the main frontal thrust in Nepal reveals a shallow dcollement and blind thrusting. India Spec. In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. To obtain [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. 117, S2, 773-782. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. Molnar, P., & Deng, Q. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. Your email address will not be published. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. Damage there was generally less widespread, with fewer deaths recorded. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. 1. [5], A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. Almost half of the bridges in the valley would be impassible, and 10 percent of all paved roads would have moderate damage, such as deep cracks or subsidence. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The earthquake damage observations indicate that the majority of the damaged buildings were stone/brick masonry structures with no seismic detailing, whereas the most of RC buildings were undamaged. The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. Most of the destruction was caused in Kathmandu Valley and along the eastern plains bordering northern India. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. London:Special Publications. The estimated economic loss due to this quake is placed at around Rs.22,000 Crores. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. In H. J. Couchman (Ed. In: P. J. Treloar, & M. P. Searle (Eds. Petroleum exploration in Nepal. Major On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. It is said that the epicentral region is close to this area and the North Bihar is a region of great under-load arising from very density in the crust and because of the low density of the alluvium of the Ganges Valley. The following is a summary of the sueeches. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Am. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Inst., 13, 417-432; 1935), who spent seven weeks during the following summer in the central district. Along the Terai belt, destruction was observed from the eastern border of Nepal The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Res. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. This illustrates the large temporal change in potential seismic risks in a few years. Five villages of Lalitpur viz; Lubhu, Harisiddhi, Bungamati, Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99% of building collapse. First published on Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT. (2019). 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. It is officially estimated that the flood-affected area of Bihar has increased from 2.5 million hectares in 1954 to 7.3 million hectares in 2016. Read John's blog. In Bhagalpur district many buildings collapsed. Kangra (1905) and Bihar (1934). With the 7.8-magnitude earthquake hitting Turkey this Monday. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. Assistants were sent to the epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal and India combined wells were choked sand... 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