In all the slags with good foamability capacity, the IB3 value is around 2.5. Free calcium and magnesium oxides are not completely consumed in the steel slag, and there is general agreement in the technical literature that the hydration of unslaked lime and magnesia in contact with moisture is largely responsible for the expansive nature of most steel slags. was characterized by different experimental tests. Slag in ironmaking and steelmaking processes has several metallurgical functions such as preventing contamination by atmosphere, providing thermal insulation, and removing impurities in the liquid metal. This forces us to look for alternative uses to minimize the impact on the environment. The pain reliever used is aspirin and the antacid used is baking soda. It is important to mention that during the last year, large thermodynamic databases of multicomponent oxide systems have been developed, and parameters have been optimized in order to reproduce all reliable experimental data within experimental errors. The slag processor must also be aware of the general aggregate requirements of the end user. Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) cement is the combination of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and fine Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) gained as a byproduct in the steel making manufacturer with below 70% to that of cement. The main ingredient in concrete paving is, however, cement. * Hardness of dolomite measured on same scale is 3 to 4. This is the major source of steel slag aggregate. Boron leaching; composting; degree of humification; humic acid; steel slag. At the end of the refining operation, the liquid steel is tapped (poured) into a ladle while the steel slag is retained in the vessel and subsequently tapped into a separate slag pot. London, SW7 2QJ, Dubai, UAE Slags can penetrate the bricks only when the graphite is burnt away near the hot face owing to diffusion of oxygen in between flows during a campaign [1]. The use of slag in concrete has several benefits, including reduced energy, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and reduced use of raw materials. Average critical temperature values (melting behavior) of the slags before and after foaming practice. Comparison of viscosity values of slags for groups A, B, C, D, and E with different FeO content. - Air-cooled blast-furnace slagThe material resulting from solidification of molten blast-furnace slag under atmospheric conditions; subsequent cooling may be accelerated by application of water to the solidified surface. Date:1/16/2023, Publication:Materials Journal After that, the Erlenmeyer flask was filled with 100 mL of distilled water. Physical properties such as viscosity and surface tension were estimated based on two theoretical models: (i) Urbains model and (ii) Zaharia et als. The lab consisted of two parts. Due to the white color of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to conventional cement. FHWA/OH-94/004, Prepared for the Ohio Department of Transportation, November, 1993. (5). [3] described two possible methods to recycle ladle slag: (a) by pouring molten ladle slag to another ladle, at time (taking advantage of the heat) and (b) by making a ladle slag ingot. Epub 2012 Mar 29. Annually, 21 million tons of steel slag (SS) is produced in the United States. Books > Furthermore, the ash content of materials C1 and C2 allows predicting rapid gas generation, which is not favorable for foam stability. The growth of the arc furnace-based steel industry has been encouraged by modern arc furnaces of large capacity and ultra-high power, electrical efficiency improvement, and metallurgical efficiency through oxygen lancing or the co-jet technology. Developed countries are now laying tremendous emphasis on: (a) reduction in energy consumption per ton of steel produced and (b) sustainable environmental management. The high iron oxide content of the aggregate results in an aggregate that is very hard and very dense (SSA is 20-30% heavier than naturally occurring aggregates such as basalt and granite). Accessibility On the basis of the information obtained, it is possible to conclude that slags with 18% FeO at 1600C present the adequate quantity and chemical composition of liquid phase (L1), promoting optimum viscosity and contact angle values that favor the adherence of slag on MgO-C bricks on the bottom of the converter. and a binary index (BI) 2.88, present the highest viscosities. two main disadvantages. The morphology, the phases present, and the porosity of the carbonaceous particles were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy including EDS analysis. The slag is categorized as an electric arc furnace slag if an electric furnace arc is used instead (Dawood and Ramli, 2011). If a converter is used in the steel-making process, with water being sprayed on the slag for cooling purpose, the slag generated is termed a converter slag. The predominant compounds are dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, dicalcium ferrite, merwinite, calcium aluminate, calcium-magnesium iron oxide, and some free lime and free magnesia (periclase). The presence of C3S, C2S and C4AF confirms the cementitious properties of the steelmaking slag. It is worth noting that critical temperatures in slag samples increase after the foaming practice. - Granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS)The glassy granular material formed when molten blast-furnace slag is rapidly chilled, as by immersion in water. At 1600C, the average of the contact angle measured was average=33. Steel slag can normally be obtained from slag processors who collect the slag from steel-making facilities. Licensee IntechOpen. government site. Second Floor, Office #207 (1,2) The free lime hydrates rapidly and can cause large volume changes over a relatively short period of time (weeks), while magnesia hydrates much more slowly and contributes to long-term expansion that may take years to develop. Wood can suffer from fungal attack; it also decays, and suffers from insect attacks while steel mainly suffers from corrosion. In this study, it is visualized that the majority of the slags considered are in the crusty zone (Ca2SiO4+(Fe,Mg)O+liquid). In this sense, understanding the properties of slags is a prerequisite to apply them in different functions. Low pollution, stable performance of slag particles, uniform and smooth particle size (no >5mm), low investment, Disadvantages: can only handle liquid slag, Process characteristics and process: drop the liquid steel slag onto the high-speed rotating granulation wheel to break the molten slag into slag, and spray water to cool it, Advantages: fast slag discharge, suitable for blast furnace slag with good fluidity, Disadvantages: the equipment wears a lot, the life is short, and the treatment volume is large, and the water volume is small, and it is easy to explode and the treatment rate is low. One particle of coal can form more than one bubble. Due to economic issues and shortage of natural gas, it has become important to consider different carbon sources, which are both energy effective and environmentally friendly [18]. However, it is relevant to highlight that ladle slag reuse promotes dephosphorization reaction at BOF and can substitute expensive steelmaking agents, and besides, the process can be more ecofriendly. The disposal and exploitation of residues from steelmaking plants are still an open problem because of the huge amount and the remarkable variety of waste materials. To summarize, slag recycling requires the availability of detailed and precise information on their behavior, physical properties, and structural characteristics. The study confirms the viability of producing steel-reinforced concrete with slag aggregate (Arribas, Vegas, San-Jose, & Manso, 2014 ). Slag foaming is also applied in EAF to prevent the heat loss and to decrease the refractory wear. In addition, the assumptions of a sulphur-oxygen equilibrium between steel and slag and the dilute solution model for the liquid steel phase were utilized in the calculations. Modern LD converters are lined with MgO-C refractories. This is affected by the concentration of surfactants and the chemical activity of the surface active component, which determines the surface active concentration in the surface layer [15]. Average critical temperatures range for Bf (before foaming) slags are between 1345 and 1380C. Microscopic analysis shows that adding a suitable. 1. They made a pipe system for clean drinking water to supply. Slag low-melting point possibilitates the application in ladles during secondary refining process reducing the fluorspar or lime additions. In this area of research, it has been concluded that slag is suitable for use in concrete under normal enviromental conditions and has more fire resistance than the commonly used aggregate, but when combined with Portland cement, slag does not provide increased fire resistance to concrete. Viscosity values estimated by the Urbain model and FactSage 7.2 at 1600C for the slag were FSage=0.29 poise/Urbain=0.90 poise. Fig 1: Extraction of molten Slag from Blast Furnace. U.S. Department of Transportation In Figure 2, it is possible to evaluate the impact of slag FeO content on the viscosity evolution. Steel slag is mildly alkaline, with a solution pH generally in the range of 8 to 10. Table 18-3. . Slags of appropriate characteristics allow lining recovery, reducing corrosion damage, oxidation, and erosion of the refractory, as well as the impact of the charge, without altering the metallurgical function of the BOF. In this chapter, viscosity values of end-of-blow slags were estimated taking into account the Urbain model and applying the viscosity module for melts of FactSage 7.2 software [6]. User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction. Slag processors may handle a variety of materials such as steel slag, ladle slag, pit slag, and used refractory material to recover steel metallics. The solid phases include 2.66 g of MgO and 0.44 g of Fe (bcc). Steel slag is residue from the steelmaking process, made of minerals like silica, alumina and titanium from iron sand, and combinations of calcium and magnesium oxides. Collins, R. J. and S. K. Ciesielski. It was possible to establish that sample C3 has the largest proportion of pores with different sizes (80050m), and samples C2 and C1 present porous with sizes between 350 and 50m. Size distribution of carbonaceous particles was determined by ASTM sieves. Transient foams last for a few seconds, while stable foams have prolonged shelf life [12]. In general, bubble number in the slag foam is greater than the number of coal particles. Disadvantages of Portland Slag Cement. Characterization of humic-like acids produced from humic precursors. 48331-3439 USA Email Address is required JEGEL. Electric arc furnace steelmaking has emerged as a major steelmaking process all over the world due to its ability to run on a relatively small scale with low capital costs and energy savings. Disclaimer. Arcelormittal, TATA Steel, EZZ steel etc. Farmington Hills, MI What is Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)? This type of slag has good physical properties, high inclusion absorptivity, and high sulfide capacity. The worlds largest tubular mold (2201250) was poured successfully! These factors induce the development of mathematical models and thermodynamic simulation applications to predict the viscosity of a system as a function of slag chemistry [5, 6, 7, 8]. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Bookshelf It requires lots of time and is labour-intensive. . Slag viscosity values obtained at 1600C through both the methods are detailed in Table 1. To begin the lab, first all the correct equipment and materials had to be collected. These materials must be source separated, and well-defined handling practices must be in place to avoid contamination of the steel slag aggregate. As it was already mentioned, viscosity is considerably affected by FeO content. The use of slag in concrete has several benefits, including reduced energy, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and reduced use of raw materials. Environ Int. The injection of oxygen and carbonaceous materials in industrial EAF furnaces creates highly dynamic and nonsteady state conditions. On this base, material C3 is the most favorable for the slag foaming practice due to the size and distribution of the pores. In addition, as previously noted, expansion due to hydration reactions should be addressed prior to use. Steelmaking slag size distribution of carbonaceous particles was determined by ASTM sieves materials Journal after that, the Erlenmeyer was. 1: Extraction of molten slag from Blast Furnace, C, D, and with! Requires lots of time and is labour-intensive ( GGBS ) must also be aware of slags! Is around 2.5 to evaluate the impact of slag has good physical properties, high inclusion,. 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