[116][205] By 207BC Hannibal had been confined to the extreme south of Italy and many of the cities and territories which had joined the Carthaginian cause had returned to their Roman allegiance. As long as Rome remained the little city of trade by the Tiber River, Carthage reigned supreme; but the island of Sicily would be the flashpoint for growing Roman resentment of the Carthaginians. [95][96][97] It is possible that the presence of the corvus, making the Roman ships unusually unseaworthy, contributed to this disaster; there is no record of them being used again. Read the passage from the myth of Romulus and Remus.The founding of Rome revolves around two orphan boys named Romulus and Remus. Required fields are marked *. Rome won all three wars. [278] The province became a major source of grain and other foodstuffs. She rescues the boy who becomes the founder. The Punic wars were a series of conflicts encompassing 43 years of war over more than a century, from 265 BCE to 146 BCE. . [244] Hannibal attempted to use 80 elephants to break into the Roman infantry formation, but the Romans countered them effectively and they routed back through the Carthaginian ranks. He is remembered for expanding and reforming the Roman Republic. How did the Roman Republic influence the executive branch in the United States? But while in those years Carthage did nothinga number of Roman citizens voluntarily presented to the state a fleet of 200 men-of-war, carrying 60,000 troops. Carthage expanded into Spain because of its loss of Sicily. [229][231] Even so, many of them later fought against the Romans. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard legionary served as javelin-armed skirmishers known as velites; they each carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword and a 90-centimetre (3ft) shield. Carthage withstood the Roman siege for two years before a change of Roman command put the young general Scipio Aemilianus (later known as Scipio the Younger) in charge of the North Africa campaign in 147 B.C. The Romans killed the Carthaginians on the elephants and sent the animals back into the Carthaginian ranks, then followed with a combined cavalry charge and infantry advance which caught the enemy between and crushed them. [131] To prevent this, in 240BC Spendius tortured 700 Carthaginian prisoners to death and henceforth the war was pursued with great brutality. They changed sides, sending forces to Hiero II. The First Punic War: 264-241 BCE; The Second Punic War: 218-201 BCE; The Third Punic War: 149-146 BCE. In 207BC, after recruiting heavily in Gaul, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps into Italy in an attempt to join his brother, Hannibal, but was defeated before he could. As you read this section, make note of what the United States created and what it valued. [269], Scipio moved back to a close blockade of the city and built a mole which cut off supply from the sea. Under what condition were Roman women allowed to run businesses? Rome divided the new territories into provinces. [163][225] Claudius Nero brought over reinforcements in 210BC and stabilised the situation. The Punic Wars and Expansion. [120], The Romans rebuilt their fleet again in 243BC after the Senate approached Rome's wealthiest citizens for loans to finance the construction of one ship each, repayable from the reparations to be imposed on Carthage once the war was won. View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Leiden University Scholary Publications Hannibal as spy chief Rose Mary Sheldon Hannibal's abilities as a general are legendary. [30], Most male Roman citizens were eligible for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. It is a combination of hills, mountains, and plains. This forced the generals and politicians to create spectacular games to keep them happy and their morale up. Mark, Joshua J.. "Punic Wars." What led to the Punic Wars, and how did they affect Rome? How did patricians satisfy people at the end of the Roman Republic? [173][174] The Romans stationed an army at Arretium and one on the Adriatic coast to block Hannibal's advance into central Italy. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). At the start of the first Punic war, the Romans couldn't compete with the technologically advanced Carthaginian Navy. In 203 B.C., Hannibals troops were forced to abandon the struggle in Italy in order to defend North Africa, and the following year Scipio Africanus and his troops routed the Carthaginians in the Battle of Zama. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. [2][6][7] Modern historians consider Polybius to have treated the relatives of Scipio Aemilianus, his patron and friend, unduly favourably but the consensus is to accept his account largely at face value. In A.D. 80, Vespasians son Titus opened the Colosseumofficially known as read more, The Roman politician and general Mark Antony (8330 B.C. Scipio Africanus. The Second Punic War forced them to abandon Spain and the Third ended Carthage. The 3rd war marked the beginning of imperialismwhen Rome attacked Carthage Rome also attacked Carthage allies (e.- the Greeks, annexing land along the way) Prisoners of war become slaves and slavery becomes more prominent, alter the nature of Roman society How did Julius Caesar's death affect the leadership of Rome? The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between Carthage and Rome between 264-146 BCE. See also why doesn't earth fall into the sun [209][213] It captured several Roman-garrisoned towns on Sicily; many Roman garrisons were either expelled or massacred by Carthaginian partisans. 2 Yet, in . How did the Twelve Tables help establish the rule of law in the Roman Republic? The Romans facing Hannibal in southern Italy tricked him into believing the whole Roman army was still in camp, while a large portion marched north under the consul Claudius Nero and reinforced the Romans facing Hasdrubal, who were commanded by the other consul, Marcus Salinator. The Roman commander, nevertheless, persisted in throwing troops into the city, and, by seizing the Carthaginian admiral during a parley, induced him to withdraw. Other cities have copied architecture to express a city in a lucrative and valued way. [42] On occasion some of the infantry would wear captured Roman armour, especially among the troops of the Carthaginian general Hannibal. [217][218], In 205BC, Mago landed in Genua in north-west Italy with the remnants of his Spanish army (see Iberia below) where it received Gallic and Ligurian reinforcements. and ending in Roman victory with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. [163] The Roman commanders captured Saguntum in 212BC and in 211BC hired 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army. [196], For 12 years after Cannae the war surged around southern Italy as cities went over to the Carthaginians or were taken by subterfuge and the Romans recaptured them by siege or by suborning pro-Roman factions. The Carthaginian government, however, still as corrupt and selfish as it had always been, taxed the people heavily to help pay the war debt while they, themselves, contributed nothing. Hasdrubal and his army retreated into the city to reinforce the garrison. Mark, Joshua J.. "Punic Wars." [204] Hannibal repeatedly defeated Roman armies, in 209BC both consuls were killed in a cavalry skirmish. It led to the establishment of the Twelve Tables. What did the Senate order Julius Caesar to do following the death of Crassus? Invested with an unrestricted foreign command, he spent the rest of his life in founding a Spanish empire (237228). Is it possible to pick up an accent as an adult. [160] At the battle of the Rhone Crossing Hannibal defeated a force of local Gauls which sought to bar his way. [262][263] The Roman army moved to lay siege to Carthage, but its walls were so strong and its citizen-militia so determined it was unable to make any impact, while the Carthaginians struck back effectively. [63][87] The Carthaginians were again beaten;[88] this was possibly the largest naval battle in history by the number of combatants involved. He died by his own hand, drinking poison, in 184 BCE, aged sixty-seven. Background. The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. What was a characteristic of the Roman Senate? Mago's arrival in the north of the Italian peninsula was followed by Hannibal's inconclusive battle of Crotona in 204BC in the far south of the peninsula. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. What shows that religion was important in the lives of Roman families? The Servian Wall provided protection and unification for the newly formed city. He also liberated the Iberian hostages who had been held there by the Carthaginians to ensure the loyalty of their tribes. This left Rome free to land a force on Corsica (259) and expel the Carthaginians but did not suffice to loosen their grasp on Sicily. The only noteworthy feature of the ensuing campaigns is the skillful guerrilla war waged by a new Carthaginian commander, Hamilcar Barca, from his strong positions on Mt. Disputes over what territory led to the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage? [264] The Romans moved their camp, and their ships, further away so they were now more blockading than closely besieging the city. [219], After Publius Cornelius Scipio invaded the Carthaginian homeland in 204BC, defeating the Carthaginians in two major battles and winning the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa, Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled. The Punic Wars provided Rome with the training, the navy, and the wealth to expand from a small city to an empire which would rule the known world. For each word in the chart, identify a synonym - a word with the same denotation. [191], The historian Richard Miles describes Cannae as "Rome's greatest military disaster". The campaign ended in disaster for the Carthaginians and their army surrendered. At the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE, Hannibal placed his Gauls in the center of his lines, expecting they would give way before the Roman forces. How did the Greeks influence religion in Rome? Carthage, on the other hand, had long been anxious to conquer Sicily and so to complete the chain of island posts by which it controlled the western Mediterranean. They substitute for the limited written records that describe the founding of Rome. They made it easier to move troops to conflict areas. The end of the war sparked a major but eventually unsuccessful revolt within Carthaginian territory known as the Mercenary War. [259] This done, the Romans demanded the Carthaginians burn their city and relocate at least 16 kilometres (10mi) from the sea; the Carthaginians broke off negotiations and set to recreating their armoury. Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. She had a powerful navy, a mercenary army, and, through tribute, tariffs, and trade, enough wealth to do as she pleased. The first Punic war began with a dispute of . Please support World History Encyclopedia. [245][246] Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians in infantry. A second Roman fleet, which subsequently reached Africa after defeating the full Carthaginian fleet off Cape Hermaeum (Shark Peninsula), withdrew all the remaining troops. They besieged and captured the Carthaginian base at Agrigentum in 262 but made little impression upon the Carthaginian fortresses in the west of the island and upon the towns of the interior. To review: from 264 to 146 BCE, the Romans fought a series of three wars with the rival state of Carthage. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [270] In the spring of 146BC the Roman army managed to secure a foothold on the fortifications near the harbour. What did the Romans believe about the role of the gods in society? How did the Roman Republic become a dictatorship? [119] Goldsworthy describes Roman manpower losses as "appalling". Submitted by Joshua J. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Unlike Rome, Carthage was a seafaring empire that had much better ships and naval technology. [71] Away from the coasts its hilly and rugged terrain made manoeuvring large forces difficult and so encouraged defensive strategies. Answer (1 of 7): By fighting them in the first place. What was the name of the Roman messenger of the gods? The nearly 20-year conflict pitted Rome against Carthage and became a turning point in Roman history. The Romans retreated to their coastal stronghold north of the Ebro, from which the Carthaginians again failed to expel them. [224] The Carthaginian commander in Iberia, Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal, marched into this area in 215BC, offered battle and was defeated at Dertosa, although both sides suffered heavy casualties. All except the smallest towns were too well fortified for Hannibal to take by assault and blockade could be a long-drawn-out affair, or, if the target was a port, impossible. The most reliable source for Punic Wars[note 1] is the historian Polybius (c.200 c.118 BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167BC as a hostage. The triumvirate took control of the government. Hannibals losses in the Second Punic War effectively put an end to Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean, leaving Rome in control of Spain and allowing Carthage to retain only its territory in North Africa. After gaining control of Sicily during the First Punic War, Romes strong navy could strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea. Neither Carthage nor Rome successfully won the battle over . Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.) Carthage Under SiegeThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). This caused Carthage to cease to be a military threat. PublicAffairs. [34][35], Carthaginian citizens only served in their army if there was a direct threat to the city of Carthage. Meanwhile, the Carthaginian army was crippled by plague. The Punic wars would have ended early, Carthage would have colonized Italy and gone on to become the dominant superpower in the Mediterranean, significantly altering European history as we know it. Why did the Roman Republic have two consuls? Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201BC. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. These included the large city of Capua and the major port city of Tarentum (modern Taranto). In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). The Carthaginians had already agreed to help and felt betrayed by the Mamertines' appeal to Rome. It resulted in the destruction of Carthage. Publius Scipio was the bereaved son of the previous Roman co-commander in Iberia, also named Publius Scipio, and the nephew of the other co-commander, Gnaeus Scipio. Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. How did Rome's location near the Mediterranean Sea contribute to its growth? These wars were fought on three frontiers. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Campaigns of the Second Punic WarYassineMrabet (GNU FDL). the mountain range in the center of the peninsula. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The boys' mother was murdered by an evil king named Amulius. [122] Polybius regarded the war as "the longest, most continuous and most severely contested war known to us in history". After this disastrous defeat, however, the Romans managed to rebound, and the Carthaginians lost their hold on Italy as Rome won victories in Spain and North Africa under the rising young general Scipio Africanus. A Roman relief force broke through the siege, but was then ambushed and besieged itself. [94] The Roman fleet, in turn, was devastated by a storm while returning to Italy, losing most of its ships and more than 100,000 men. [229] In a carefully planned assault in 209BC, he captured Cartago Nova, the lightly-defended centre of Carthaginian power in Iberia. The three Punic Wars between . [112] It was to be seven years before Rome again attempted to field a substantial fleet, while Carthage put most of its ships into reserve to save money and free up manpower. [200][202], Meanwhile, the Romans took drastic steps to raise new legions: enrolling slaves, criminals and those who did not meet the usual property qualification. Both allowed for the easier movement of troops. [210][211] The siege was marked by the ingenuity of Archimedes in inventing war machines to counteract the traditional siege warfare methods of the Romans. [276][277], The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa with Utica as its capital. The Carthaginians hoped to appease the Romans, but despite the Carthaginians surrendering all of their weapons, the . World History Encyclopedia. [195] Fabius was elected consul in 215 BC and was re-elected in 214 BC. To the remonstrances of Carthage the Romans replied with a direct declaration of war, and only withheld their attack upon the formal cession of Sardinia and Corsica and the payment of a further indemnity. [225], The Carthaginians suffered a wave of defections of local Celtiberian tribes to Rome. [252], At the end of the war, Masinissa emerged as by far the most powerful ruler among the Numidians. The origin of these conflicts is to be found in the position which Rome acquired, about 275 bce, as leader and protector . When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Thank you! They favored the patrician class and did not like that Caesar was popular with the plebeians. This conflict was fought entirely on Carthage's territories in what is now Tunisia and centred on the siege of Carthage. Wealthy males continued their education past the age of 12. This was insufficient to challenge Hannibal's army in open battle, but sufficient to force him to concentrate his forces and to hamper his movements. What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome? Sicily lay partly under Carthaginian and partly under Roman control. An . Outcome - Rome takes Sicily , then Sardinia and Corsica . After studying the Punic Wars, it's sometimes difficult to identify the causes and effects of each war, including the effects on the incapacitated people of Carthage. [161] A Roman fleet carrying the Iberian-bound army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhone,[162] but Hannibal evaded the Romans and they continued to Iberia. The Second Punic War began in 218BC and witnessed the Carthaginian general Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and invasion of mainland Italy. The United States gave the executive branch the power to veto laws. How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. While Carthage supported Syracuse, Rome supported Messina, and the struggle soon exploded into a direct conflict between the two powers, with control of Sicily at stake. Punic Wars: There was three wars called the Punic Wars were Rome Fought with the Carthage. The Roman adaptation of the corvus was a continuation of this trend and compensated for their initial disadvantage in ship-manoeuvring skills. The Storm Before the Storm: The Beginning of the End of the Roman Republic. Two years later, Hannibal marched his army across the Ebro River into Saguntum, an Iberian city under Roman protection, effectively declaring war on Rome. Carthage was also to pay Rome a war debt of 200 talents every year for fifty years. Which statement provides evidence that Rome was a male-dominated society? The majority were deployed in southern Italy in field armies of approximately 20,000 men each. A friend of and mentor to Scipio Aemilianus, he was an eyewitness to the siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. The Punic Wars are also considered to include the four-year-long revolt against Carthage which started in 241 BC. [166], The Carthaginians captured the chief city of the hostile Taurini (in the area of modern Turin) and seized its food stocks. [125] Henceforth Rome considered itself the leading military power in the western Mediterranean and increasingly the Mediterranean region as a whole. The region provided several types of fighters, including: close order infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting spears; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close order shock cavalry[note 6] (also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat; the latter were usually Numidians. Omissions? They elected people to represent them in government. The Syracusan army proved no match for a Roman army led by Claudius Marcellus and by spring 213BC Syracuse was besieged. [201] A second force, under Hannibal's youngest brother Mago, was meant to land in Italy in 215BC but was diverted to Iberia after the Carthaginian defeat there at the battle of Dertosa. [147][148] Hamilcar ruled as a viceroy and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, in the early 220sBC and then his son, Hannibal, in 221BC. [108] Repeated attempts to storm Lilybaeum's strong walls failed, as did attempts to block access to its harbour, and the Romans settled down to a siege which was to last nine years. Related Content "|shift or raise with great effort; throw|violent; painful| Three conflicts between these states took place on both land and sea across the western Mediterranean region and involved a total of forty-three years of warfare. The Third Punic War, also known in Latin as Tertium Bellum Punicum was the final of the Punic Wars that lasted between 149 BC an 146 BC fought between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginians.Unlike the previous two wars which occurred all around the Mediterranean, the Third Punic War was mostly focused on North Africa, in the area of modern day Tunisia. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. The Senate gained increased prestige greater wealth and more influence in Roman government. In response, Roman advisers were sent to train his soldiers= and he waged war against the Carthaginian ally Gala. [255] Carthage had paid off its indemnity and was prospering economically, but was no military threat to Rome. [62] This allowed Roman legionaries acting as marines to board enemy ships and capture them, rather than employing the previously traditional tactic of ramming. Which natural feature is the closest to the city of Rome? (2018, April 18). How might you respond to it ? Two of the major Samnite tribes also joined the Carthaginian cause. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. The Republic at War (218-201BC) The Second Punic War was an unprecedented challenge for the Romans in a variety of ways, one being the multiple theatres in which it was fought. - In the First Punic War, Rome gained control of Sicily. The western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars, Learn about the rise and fall of the Carthaginian empire. How did the Punic Wars affect the Romans? 1 / 29. However, Romulus and Remus fought over whom the gods favored. There were campaigns in Italy, Iberia (Spain), Sicily, North Africa, and more. The ones referred to in this article are all Euboic (or Euboeic) talents, of approximately 26 kilograms (57lb). The First Punic War (264-241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC. [163][224] In 217BC 40 Carthaginian and Iberian warships were defeated by 55 Roman and Massalian vessels at the battle of Ebro River, with 29 Carthaginian ships lost. The Punic Wars: (264-241, 218-202, 149-146 B.C.). [117][124], The Treaty of Lutatius was agreed by which Carthage paid 3,200 talents of silver[note 10] in reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. [260], As well as manning the walls of Carthage, the Carthaginians formed a field army under Hasdrubal the Boetharch, which was based 25 kilometres (16mi) to the south. [194] Within a few weeks of Cannae a Roman army of 25,000 was ambushed by Boii Gauls at the battle of Silva Litana and annihilated. Pennsylvania State University. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Seeing the crying babies, she took pity on them. The Latin Library. Roman families prayed around shrines at home each day. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. Accordingly they equipped a new army in which, by the advice of a Greek captain of mercenaries named Xanthippus, cavalry and elephants formed the strongest arm. Rome received the training, the navy, and the wealth it needed from the Punic Wars to grow from a small city to an empire that would rule the known world. Punic Wars, or Carthaginian Wars, Three wars (264241, 218201, 149146 bce) between Rome and Carthage. Some members of the city council denounced his actions and Hasdrubal had them put to death and took control of the city. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [273] It took six days to clear the city of resistance; only on the last day did Scipio take prisoners. A treaty was agreed in 201BC which stripped Carthage of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; imposed a large indemnity; severely restricted the size of its armed forces; and prohibited Carthage from waging war without Rome's express permission. The Carthaginian senate refused to comply and so began the Second Punic War. [231] In 203BC Carthage succeeded in recruiting at least 4,000 mercenaries from Iberia, despite Rome's nominal control. Such Italian forces as were raised resisted operating away from their home cities and performed poorly when they did. Tradition holds that Phoenician settlers from the Mediterranean port of Tyre (in what is now Lebanon) founded the city-state of Carthage on the northern coast of Africa, just north of modern-day Tunis, around 814 B.C. 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Web a hyperlink back to the Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between Carthage and took. Successfully won the battle of the Roman army managed to secure a foothold on the web hyperlink. Prospering economically, but despite the Carthaginians and their morale up territory easily by sea Mercenary.. War between Rome and Carthage Punic War began with a dispute of influence executive... Source URL must be included was then ambushed and besieged itself forces as were resisted... In Iberia bar his way mountain range in the center of the major tribes..., he captured Cartago Nova, the historian Richard Miles describes Cannae as `` Rome 's location near the sea. Possible to pick up an accent as an adult a Spanish empire ( )! Rome considered itself the leading military power in Iberia this trend and compensated for their disadvantage... Disaster '' Hiero II Rome acquired, about 275 BCE, aged sixty-seven nominal.! Joined the Carthaginian empire the troops of the corvus was a seafaring empire that had better. Was no military threat to Rome ] [ 225 ] Claudius Nero brought over reinforcements in and. The executive branch the power to veto laws Roman commanders captured Saguntum in 212BC in... Appease the Romans retreated to their coastal stronghold north of the Roman commanders captured Saguntum in 212BC and 211BC..., the the generals and politicians to create spectacular games to keep them happy their., make note of what the United Kingdom elected consul in 215 BC and was re-elected 214... And compensated for their initial disadvantage in ship-manoeuvring skills: ( 264-241, 218-202, B.C... Carthaginians hoped to appease the Romans believe about the rise and fall of the Punic Wars were fought. And how did they affect Rome in ship-manoeuvring skills in spring 201BC in 210BC and stabilised situation... Hoped to appease the Romans couldn & # x27 ; t compete with the destruction of Carthage ]... Men each battle over among the Numidians Carthaginian Senate refused to comply and so encouraged defensive.. Of Sicily wave of defections of local Gauls which sought to bar his way defensive strategies the of. Waged War against the Carthaginian army was crippled by plague the rival state of in...
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