[192] The earliest definite human remains found in Australia are that of Mungo Man, which have been dated at c. 40,000 years old. Rugby, football and cricket are popularin most Oceanian countries, although there are also important local or nativesportsin the Pacific islands. [116] Chile's government also categorize Easter Island, the Desventuradas Islands and the Juan Fernndez Islands as being part of a region titled Insular Chile. "[86] In his 1876 book The Earth and Its Inhabitants: Oceanica, French geographer lise Reclus labelled Australia's flora as "one of the most characteristic on the globe", adding that "the Hawaiian archipelago also constitutes a separate vegetation zone; of all tropical insular groups it possesses the relatively largest number of endemic plants. [338], Archaeology, linguistics, and existing genetic studies indicate that Oceania was settled by two major waves of migration. [328][329][330], European migration to New Zealand provided a major influx following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. The rock art of Aboriginal Australians is the longest continuously practiced artistic tradition in the world. [383] Charles III is the King of New Zealand and the head of state. He is elected by Parliament of Fiji after nomination by the Prime Minister or the Leader of the Opposition, for a three-year term. It was politically associated with Australia and Tasmania by 1870. [427] These early peoples lacked a writing system, and made works on perishable materials, so few records of them exist from this time. Encompassing the two most highly populated countries in the world - China and India - Asia is by far the largest of the continents, with a total population of over 4.5 billion people. The Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months (October to April). [227], Oceanian islands are of four basic types: continental islands, high islands, coral reefs and uplifted coral platforms. The Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua on the island of New Guinea are home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups. 2. New Zealand uses its lakes for hydroelectric power generation. However, he wrote that these islands "are not usually reckoned as belonging to it, because they are known to be inhabited by races of people who came immediately from the adjacent continents and are unconnected with those tribes of the human race who peopled the remote islands of this great ocean." Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield. Oceania population is comparable to 0.54% of the overall world population . Oceania was first explored by Europeans from the 16th century onward. Sugar exports and the growing tourist industry are the major sources of foreign exchange. The term Oceania is usually used to denote the region . A more common definition excludes the Ryukyu, Kuril, and Aleutian islands and the Japan archipelago. As codified in the Hawaiian Constitution, there are three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. [437][438][439][440] Rugby union is the most popular sport among New Zealanders,[441] and they are tied with South Africa for the most Rugby World Cup titles, having won the tournament three times. The executive power is exercised by the government. Oceania's population tops around 45 million people and spans over 8,525,929 square kilometers. He added that Hawaii was the most northerly area to be inhabited by races associated with Oceania. Some experts insist that Oceania encompasses even the cold Aleutian Islands and the islands of Japan. "[99] Scottish academic John Merry Ross in 1879 considered Polynesia to cover the entire South and Central Pacific area, not just islands ethnographically within Polynesia. Ben Finney, The Other One-Third of the Globe. Fogg defined Polynesia as covering the combined islands of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, as well as the Ryukyu Islands. Natural Resources, such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold, are mined in Australia and Solomon Islands. [26], The geographer Conrad Malte-Brun coined the French expression Terres ocaniques (Oceanic lands) c. 1804,[27] then in 1814 another French cartographer, Adrien-Hubert Bru, coined from this expression the shorter "Ocanie" putting it on a map, "Ocanie, ou cinquime partie du monde, comprenant l'archipel d'Asie, l'Australasie et la Polynsie (ou le continent de la Nouvelle Hollande et les les du Grand Ocan)". Although disagreeing on details, scientists generally support a theory that calls for a Southeast Asian origin of island peoples. [285][286] Snow falls in New Zealand's South Island and at higher altitudes in the North Island. [38] The Oxford Handbook of World History (2011) describes the areas encompassed in Oceania as being "afterthoughts in world history texts, lumped together and included at the end of global surveys as areas largely marginal to the main events of world history". [290] The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oceania was 25.6C (14.1F), at Ranfurly in Otago in 1903, with a more recent temperature of 21.6C (6.9F) recorded in 1995 in nearby Ophir. The Refaluwasch or Carolinian people came to the Marianas in the 1800s from the Caroline Islands. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part . [246], The most diverse country of Oceania when it comes to the environment is Australia, with tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and dry desert in the centre. Fishing provides a major industry for many of the smaller nations in the Pacific, although many fishing areas are exploited by other larger countries, namely Japan. [198], The first people of the Northern Mariana Islands navigated to the islands and discovered it at some period between 4000 BCE to 2000 BCE from South-East Asia. [17], Definitions of Oceania vary. [385] The New Zealand Parliament holds legislative power and consists of the King and the House of Representatives. The Solomon Islands would have the highest population growth rate of 2.49%, followed by Vanuatu (2.38%). Wallis and Futuna Islands would have the lowest population growth rate of -1.35%, which is also the lowest in the world. He also viewed Oceania as covering Australia, New Zealand, the Malay archipelago and the islands of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Their definition does not include all of Australia's external territories, but is otherwise the same as the UN's definition, and is also used for statistical purposes. [443] In Papua New Guinea, the most popular sport is Rugby league. In addition, its characteristics, religion, economy and more. "[46] Some geographers group the Australian tectonic plate with others in the Pacific to form a geological continent. Number of followers estimated by Countrymeters Australia was also not included, as it was settled several thousands of years before the arrival of Austronesian-speaking peoples in Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. The demographic table below shows the subregions and countries of geopolitical Oceania. Below are the key figures for Oceania population in 2022: Source: Pew Research Center. [163][164] As with Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia's New Caledonia has a significant non-indigenous European population, numbering around 71,000. The Tasman Sea, and part of Zealandia then locked together with Australia to form the Australian Plate (40 Ma), and a new plate boundary was created between the Australian Plate and Pacific Plate. [339], Large areas of New Guinea are unexplored by scientists and anthropologists due to extensive forestation and mountainous terrain. Taon, Paul S.C. (2001). Oceania (UK: /osini, oi-, -en-/, US: /oini/ (listen), /-n-/)[5] is a geographical region that is described as a continent in some parts of the world. The fa'a Samoa, or traditional Samoan way, remains a strong force in Samoan life and politics. [240], Australia is part of the Indo-Australian plate and is the lowest, flattest, and oldest landmass on Earth[241] and it has had a relatively stable geological history. Oceania is a region made up of thousands of islands throughout the Central and South Pacific Ocean. [342][343], The Australian Securities Exchange in Sydney is the largest stock exchange in Australia and in the South Pacific. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the State Capitol. Approximately half of the population on these islands are European Australian mainlanders (with smaller numbers being European New Zealanders), while the other half are immigrants from China or the nearby Malay archipelago. In all of Oceania, only the former British colonies of Australia and New Zealand have Westerndemocratic governments, although Samoa, Vanuatu, and Tonga also exhibit stable republics. [121] The 2007 book Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West, by New Zealand Pacific scholar Ron Crocombe, defined the term "Pacific Islands" as being islands in the South Pacific Commission, and stated that such a definition "does not include Galpagos and other [oceanic] islands off the Pacific coast of the Americas; these were uninhabited when Europeans arrived, then integrated with a South American country and have almost no contact with other Pacific Islands." There are numerous difficulties with conducting archaeological excavations in the islands, due to their size, settlement patterns and storm damage. Population Pyramids: OCEANIA - 2022. [270][271], A unique feature of Australia's fauna is the relative scarcity of native placental mammals, and dominance of the marsupials a group of mammals that raise their young in a pouch, including the macropods, possums, and dasyuromorphs. February 21, 2022 by Admin. Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BCE, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts.[199]. [345], Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranks Sydney tenth in the world in terms of quality of living,[346] making it one of the most livable cities. In 2005, the World Bank praised New Zealand as the most business-friendly country in the world. The smallest and least populous dependency in Oceania is the New Zealand-controlled island of Tokelau, which has a land area of just 10 km 2, and a population of just over 1,300. Clipperton is not politically associated with the Americas, as is the case with other oceanic islands nearing the Americas, having had almost no interaction with the continent throughout its history. The other main Melanesian groups from north to south are the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, the Santa Cruz Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and New Caledonia. While in other non-English speaking countries Australia and Eurasia are thought of as continents, while Asia, Europe, and Oceania are regarded as "parts of the world". What is the most populated city in Oceania? Lista de correio - Ver mais. OCEANIA. In addition,it has 17 non-autonomous dependencies, belonging to other nations such asChile,the United Kingdom, Australia or the United States. "[100] Ross further wrote, "and to this vast region the term Oceania has been applied. [452] The sole Micronesian country with membership in the OFC is Kiribati, although they are not recognized by FIFA like the other OFC members. Definition: Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. [187] Although they likely migrated to Australia through Southeast Asia they are not demonstrably related to any known Asian or Polynesian population. [103] The journal associated the term Oceania with the Melanesian, Micronesian and Polynesian subdivisions, but not with the Indonesian or non-tropical subdivisions. 200 million. "[137] In his 2002 book Oceania: An Introduction to the Cultures and Identities of Pacific Islanders, Andrew Strathern excluded Okinawa and the rest of the Ryukyu Islands from his definition of Oceania, but noted that the islands and their indigenous inhabitants "show many parallels with Pacific island societies. The largest and most populous dependency is the French dependency of New Caledonia, which has a land area of 18,280 km 2, and a population of approximately 287,000. From the late 1970s, there was a significant increase in immigration from Asian and other non-European countries, making Australia a multicultural country. As recently as 33,000 years ago no human beings lived in the region, except in Australasia. The campaign to take Samoa ended without bloodshed after over 1,000 New Zealanders landed on the German colony. In the Galpagos group also more than half of the species are of local origin. Except Africa and Oceania, remaining four continent have growth grate below 1%. [93] He added, "through trade relations, the work of missionaries and teachers, and political control, western civilization is slowly penetrating these out of the way places either directly, or indirectly through Europeanized powers like Japan. [97][98] Tyler described Australia as "the leviathan of the island groups of the world", and stated that the Juan Fernndez Islands "will always retain a marked prominence in island histories, being at one time the home of that celebrated castaway Alexander Selkirk, whose life and adventures have been made so intensely interesting to youthful minds, and older ones too, for that matter, by Defoe in his wonderful book Robinson Crusoe. The subject matter typically carries themes of fertility or the supernatural. Unable to find the right winds, it was forced to return to the East Indies. Geological forces such as tectonic uplift of mountain ranges or clashes between tectonic plates occurred mainly in Australia's early history, when it was still a part of Gondwana. 100 million. [278], Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, Wallacea, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean collectively possess 42% of the worlds parrot species, including half of all Critically Endangered parrots, many of which are endemic to the region. ", "National Weather Service Dedicated Forecast Office in Typhoon Alley", "Official records for Australia in January", "NZ's temperature record hits new low minus 25.6degC", "Rainfall Climatology for Pohnpei Islands, Federated States of Micronesia", "UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 21 TAHUN 2001 TENTANG OTONOMI KHUSUS BAGI PROVINSI PAPUA", "Papuan province changes name from West Irian Jaya to West Papua", "3218.0 Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016", "What's driving population growth in Australia's cities? [180] The 1985 edition of the South Pacific Handbook also groups the Galpagos Islands as being in Polynesia, while noting that they are not culturally a part of the subregion. "[33] American author Samuel Griswold Goodrich wrote in his 1854 book History of All Nations that, "geographers have agreed to consider the island world of the Pacific Ocean as a third continent, under the name Oceania." Australia and New Zealand have diversifiedeconomies, with a strong presence in the area of services and the primary sector (production), since between the two countries they account for 40% of the worlds sheep. They are now often referred to as Maritime Southeast Asia, with Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore being founding members of the ASEAN regional organization for Southeast Asia in 1967 (Brunei and East Timor did not exist as independent nations at that point). Willem Janszoon, made the first completely documented European landing in Australia (1606), in Cape York Peninsula. In 2022 the natural increase was positive, as the number of births exceeded the number of deaths by 468,540. Most Indigenous Australian tribal groups subsisted on a simple hunter-gatherer diet of native fauna and flora, otherwise called bush tucker. [247] Desert or semi-arid land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the largest portion of land. Other non-tropical areas below the equator, such as Chilo Island, Macquarie Island, Tasmania, and the southern portions of mainland Australia and New Zealand, were not included in this category. The predominant religion in Oceania is Christianity (73%). The Samoan word for dance is siva, which consists of unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tell a story. [24] Before Europeans arrived in the area, the sea shielded Australia and south central Pacific islands from cultural influences that spread through large continental landmasses and adjacent islands. Approximately 3.5 thousand years ago, a second expansion of Austronesian speakers arrived in Near Oceania, and the descendants of these people spread to the far corners of the Pacific, colonising Remote Oceania. On the other hand, the highest mountain in continental Oceania is Kosciuszko with 2,228 meters above sea level. The main continental landmass of Oceania is Australia.[1]. The number of its inhabitants is approximately 34,300,000(according to the 2010 census), a figure that is increasing due to the substantial difference in the birth rate (21%) and death rate (9%). Spanning the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of 8,525,989 square kilometres . 37 million. The Ahmadiyya mosque in Marshall Islands is the only mosque in Micronesia. [64][123][321] There are also Creoles formed from the interaction of Malay or the colonial languages with indigenous languages, such as Tok Pisin, Bislama, Chavacano, various Malay trade and creole languages, Hawaiian Pidgin, Norfuk, and Pitkern. [204][205], Easter Islanders claimed that a chief Hotu Matua[206] discovered the island in one or two large canoes with his wife and extended family. [67] The UN's definition of this subregion also includes Australia's Indian Ocean external territories of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. [156], Depending on the definition, New Zealand could be part of Polynesia, or part of Australasia with Australia. Oceania is a region of migrants: there were an estimated 9.1 million migrants amongst the region's 41.8 million people as of mid-year 2020 ( UN DESA, 2020 ). Two years later, Australia's Celebrity Survivor was filmed at the same location used by the U.S. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways. Related to these concepts are Near Oceania, that part of western Island Melanesia which has been inhabited for tens of millennia, and Remote Oceania which is more recently settled. [420] Distinctive ingredients or dishes include lamb; salmon; koura (crayfish);[421] whitebait; shellfish including dredge oysters, paua, mussels, scallops, pipi and tuatua;[422] kumara (sweet potato); kiwifruit; tamarillo; and pavlova (considered a national dish).[423][419]. 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