>> /S /P /K [ 243 0 R 253 0 R 268 0 R 286 0 R 304 0 R 322 0 R 340 0 R 358 0 R 376 0 R 394 0 R /P 425 0 R << >> /S /P /CA 1 /Pg 3 0 R 71 [ 500 444 333 500 500 278 ] 79 [ 278 778 500 500 500 ] 85 [ 333 389 278 500 500 ] Unfinished Business : Mobilizing New Efforts to Achieve the 2015 Millenium Development Goals. endobj In the 5th stage since CDR is higher than CBR so population growth rate is negative. /K [ 97 ] /S /P /Pg 3 0 R /P 253 0 R In this paper, we critically reviewed and analysed demographic and economic data to show the trends of demographic transition in Bangladesh, and to estimate possible duration of demographic dividend using the accounting framework and Economic Support Ratio (ESR), followed by a discussion on recent trends in economic development, and how the country can be benefited from the demographic changes. shorter than the usual annual time steps of many power /S /TR endobj << /K [ 105 ] /P 430 0 R /P 304 0 R endobj /FontName /Times#20New#20Roman,BoldItalic /K [ 274 0 R ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /S /P >> >> /FontName /Times#20New#20Roman,Bold /Pg 36 0 R 461 0 obj >> 125 0 obj Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=BD, World Bank, World Development Indicators (2020c) Personal remittance, received (current US$) [Data File]. In short, there is as yet still /S /P >> Demographic Transition o. f Bangladesh. << The transition to Stage 2 is still a relatively recent phenomenon in human history. >> >> /K [ 374 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R >> /S /Span /P 166 0 R /K [ 48 ] /S /P /Pg 3 0 R << /S /P << >> /Type /Font /Supplement 0 /P 317 0 R endobj /K [ 83 0 R 85 0 R 87 0 R 89 0 R 91 0 R 93 0 R ] >> endobj /MaxWidth 2614 << /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 3 0 R disaggregated data show that disparities in access continue The decline in birth rate varies from country to country, as does the time frame in which it is experienced. /Pg 36 0 R /S /LI 148 0 obj /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.32 841.92 ] The demographic transition model will be used to complete this research. /S /P << << << /P 304 0 R Places in the Amazon, Brazil and rural communities of Bangladesh would be at this . /ca 1 Table 1. /Pg 36 0 R As a result famine and other disasters were seen in any country. In 2011 to 2018, CDR of Bangladesh is also high but started decreasing and decreasing rate of CBR is also slow. endobj >> According to data, from the four decades of Bangladesh concluding that still now crude birth rate is so high. /P 130 0 R << different indicators of access at the aggregate level, endobj /P 115 0 R << /S /P /K [ 269 0 R 271 0 R 273 0 R 275 0 R 277 0 R 279 0 R 281 0 R 283 0 R 285 0 R ] 373 0 obj Rev Econ Stat 90(4):643665. passes through mainly three stages of demographic transition and the stages can be are . >> 173 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /P 215 0 R >> /K [ 206 0 R ] endobj /P 448 0 R /P 48 0 R 152 0 obj 78 0 obj J Econ Perspect 17(4):167190. /K [ 338 0 R ] 236 0 obj << << endobj >> 206 0 obj endobj endobj 294 0 obj >> endobj << /S /TD /Pg 3 0 R /FontWeight 400 endobj /S /P /P 73 0 R /K [ 9 ] /S /P [ 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /P 154 0 R Stage 4: Stationary Population. /Pg 3 0 R 383 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R Journal of Social and Economic Development Popul Stud 65(1):935. << The difference is 0.1. /P 106 0 R >> 424 0 obj Among the transition stages of demographic transition theory, in the first stage, BR and DR are increasing equally, as a result population growth rate is zero. /P 166 0 R /P 195 0 R endobj endobj /K [ 74 ] /S /P 10919. https://doi.org/10.3386/w10919, Bongaarts J (2008) Fertility transitions in developing countries: progress or stagnation? /Name /F1 endobj /S /TD /K [ 247 0 R ] In: Proceedings of the United Nations expert group meeting on social and economic implications of changing population age structure. Due to insufficient medical facilities, sanitation and public health, infant mortality was high and life expectancy was low. /Pg 3 0 R /S /L endobj /Pg 3 0 R endobj >> >> 312 0 obj The demographic transition theory is an explanation of the change >> 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 611 0 0 0 611 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 500 444 /K [ 366 0 R ] w8685). endobj In 2001 CBR=18.9, CDR=4.8 and PGR=1.40, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. 91 0 obj /CreationDate (D:20191212144036) /K [ 42 ] /S /P /S /P /S /TD Since the mid-20th Century most of the world's countries have not only made it into Stage 2, but have also continued to progress to Stages 3 and 4. << endobj Third, declining fertility reduction, population age and composition, increasing labor force of population will be employed to increase productivity per capita [3]. since increasing production in the agricultural sector so society depends on it, most of the family members know that increasing number of children means creating large workforce. /S /TD Each and every person suffered from malnutrition and poor health status [7-10]. Allianz Research US housing market:The first victim of the Fed Real property prices set to decline by-15%in the next 12 months,pushing the US economy into recession 22 September 2022EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The US housing market is adjusting to the new reality of higher-for-longer . /Pg 36 0 R << /K [ 86 ] 16 0 obj /K [ 107 ] /K [ 49 ] /StemV 44 /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 276 0 R ] /P 181 0 R ]/!za4';!> |cLp2k=7^l1>aL N4#70~|!pa0"c -lZ368n|oa:9>`52A=&h W0CtYz1L#$2!Fqz9 /Pg 36 0 R FIEF working paper, Stockholm, Sweden, Pool I, Wong LR, Vilquin E (eds) (2006) Age-structural transitions: challenges for development. Demography 51(1):299315. << https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.09.023, World Bank (2015) Global monitoring report 2015/16: Development goals in an era of demographic change. /P 448 0 R << pf= LoP{";4/i_^|z$.i{y,z\|jvgHx>Bbom//pgL2P Orrg,9~ ?3Gb{wK~oOKoD34b_\EQ1;Y,8S`f/}1=ULCJ:? _5 lCCyVkVF{4Gm s'N##h. RAND, Santa Monica, Bloom DE, Canning D, Moore M (2004) The effects of improvements in health and longevity on optimal retirement and saving, NBER Working Paper No. >> /Name /F2 STAGE 3: MODERATE GROWTH RATE. << >> /Creator () /Pg 25 0 R /K [ 34 ] /Type /Font >> endobj In 2001 to 2010, CDR of Bangladesh was also high and negative. << << /XHeight 250 >> << /K [ 222 0 R ] /K [ 65 ] /Pg 3 0 R /S /TD /Lang (en-US) /P 478 0 R >> /MaxWidth 1948 << /Pg 25 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 25 ] 470 0 obj /P 337 0 R /Pg 36 0 R There is some evidence of improvement in the quality of << /P 190 0 R 288 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R endobj endobj has invested heavily in these sectors, particularly in 249 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R /TR /Identity /Pg 36 0 R /P 431 0 R /K [ 100 0 R ] What demographic transition stage is Bangladesh? particularly those for poverty reduction, gender parity in /K [ 386 0 R ] Bangladesh /P 268 0 R To know the demographic transition stages of Bangladesh, a demographic transition model will be used which has already developed. endobj /K [ 132 0 R ] /Pg 3 0 R /Type /Font /P 48 0 R 170 0 obj endobj /P 211 0 R /P 69 0 R /XHeight 250 When education and gender equality are achieved in areas, the faster birth rates decline. >> << /K [ 6 ] /SMask /None /K [ 5 ] >> >> /K [ 5 ] /P 322 0 R /S /Span /Pg 36 0 R /P 142 0 R >> 463 0 obj 18 0 obj /S /P /Ascent 905 140 0 obj /P 391 0 R >> /Pg 3 0 R >> /P 127 0 R >> >> /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 156 0 R ] /P 268 0 R /S /P 52 0 obj << << Econ Soc Rev 34(3):229247, Bloom DE, Finlay JE (2009) Demographic change and economic growth in Asia. << << endobj /P 178 0 R << /Pg 3 0 R The demographic transition of different data of Bangladesh is presented in Table 2 and Figure 1, which expressed crude birth rates, crude death rates and growth rates over a period of 38 years. endobj >> Savar 324 0 obj endobj endobj /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /S /P /P 358 0 R /P 325 0 R /FontWeight 700 /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /S /P << 8 0 obj >> /K [ 110 0 R ] 275 0 obj /S /TD /P 197 0 R endobj << some MDGs, especially those on child and maternal mortality, In stage II, death rates will start falling and birth rates will be high like the first stage. Correspondence to /P 322 0 R /S /P >> /Pg 36 0 R /P 401 0 R endobj 68 0 R 69 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R /S /P 506 0 obj 95 0 obj << /K 106 /S /TD 351 0 obj /P 82 0 R 104 0 obj Caldwell and others (1999) expressed doubt that only the Bangladesh family planning programme could bring TFR down from the mid-1970s' level of more than 6 children per woman to nearly 3, without a change . 722 556 0 667 556 611 722 0 944 0 722 0 333 0 333 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 /S /Figure /Leading 42 endobj 376 0 obj However, who bargains, who is excluded, and what barriers block entry to the policy arena determine the selection and implementation of policies and, consequently, their impact on development outcomes. << /S /P << Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Dhaka, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (2021b) Statistical year book Bangladesh 2020. >> According to the Bangladesh CBR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS, it may be concluded that in 1981 to 1990, the CBR of Bangladesh was high which lies between (34.6-32.8). This report provides compelling evidence of the << /Pg 36 0 R Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR.FE?locations=BD, Young A (1995) The tyranny of numbers: confronting the statistical realities of the East Asian growth experience. /S /TD /P 268 0 R endobj technology and reductions in battery costs have brought endobj /Pg 3 0 R >> /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 25 0 R 251 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 302 0 R ] 19 0 obj 146 0 obj /S /TD /S /TD /Pg 36 0 R >> >> /P 70 0 R 150 0 obj /K [ 456 0 R ] Palgrave Macmillan, London. >> 84 0 obj /LastChar 117 >> /BM /Normal /K [ 167 0 R 169 0 R 171 0 R 173 0 R 175 0 R 177 0 R ] << endobj /Pg 36 0 R endobj << [ 3 [ 250 333 ] 17 [ 250 ] 19 [ 500 ] 21 [ 500 ] 37 [ 667 ] 51 [ 556 ] 68 [ 444 500 ] /Pg 36 0 R >> << endobj /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 30 0 R << endobj >> /Pg 3 0 R /S /P Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in 224 0 obj /P 268 0 R Population and Series, Hawaii, Mahmud S, Bidisha SH (2018) Female labor market participation in Bangladesh: structural changes and determinants of labor supply. Migration cycle: The three stages of the migration processbefore, during, and after moving which can be. 491 0 obj 184 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R endobj /S /P >> /Pg 36 0 R /Type /FontDescriptor << In 2009 CBR=19.4, CDR=5.8 and PGR=1.36, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. endobj /S /TD /Pg 3 0 R /Name /F5 /S /LI /BaseFont /Arial << This model helps to explain in which stages worlds countries are considered considering demographic variable among five stages. >> /K [ 176 0 R ] endobj An estimated 64 million more The authors received no funding for the study. /S /Span << >> 96 0 obj /S /P There are so many causes of increasing birth rates i.e. >> /S /TR 130 0 obj The first formulation in the English demographic literature is that by Warren Thompson, published in 1929 He specified three types of countries with different rates of population growth. 207 0 obj /S /TD /P 69 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /S /TD /K [ 88 ] /S /TR >> Not until the Industrial Revolution did the first countries make the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2. >> In: Raihan S (ed) Structural change and dynamics of labor markets in Bangladesh. 196 0 R 198 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 204 0 R 206 0 R 208 0 R 210 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 216 0 R /P 190 0 R /K [ 9 ] << /S /TD >> until the global crisis, a buoyant global economy, many << << /Pg 36 0 R /P 394 0 R /S /TR /Pg 36 0 R /AvgWidth 402 /AIS false << /K [ 370 0 R ] https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2071-2_7, Chapter /S /TD Stage 3: Population Growth Starts to Level Off. /Pg 3 0 R /S /P endobj /K [ 4 ] endobj >> /P 91 0 R 279 0 obj 194 0 obj /FontDescriptor 44 0 R << In 1991 to 2000, the CBR of Bangladesh was also high but started decreasing and the decreasing rate is so high. /Descent -250 >> << In 2004 CBR=20.8, CDR=5.8 and PGR=1.50, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. >> /S /TD << Examples of countries in Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition are Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Brazil, most of Europe, Singapore, South Korea, and the U.S. Bangladesh has a BR of 29 and a DR of 8 which stage is it in? /K [ 66 0 R ] The main issue of this study is in which demographic transition stages Bangladesh lies in this period (1981-2018). /S /TD endobj /S /LI << /K 82 << /S /TD /K [ 1 ] /P 376 0 R /Pg 36 0 R >> /Pg 3 0 R >> endobj /S /LBody 276 0 obj Table 6. /K [ 1 ] << << endobj /P 340 0 R << /P 476 0 R << endobj /P 363 0 R /S /P /Pg 3 0 R endobj /Pg 36 0 R 158 0 obj /S /TD /P 178 0 R /Pg 36 0 R endobj /S /TD /K [ 57 ] battery energy storage systems (BESS) to the point of /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 16 ] /K [ 384 0 R ] >> The world demographic transition has acquired significant variation, rearranging population and revamping the economic and demographic life cycles. /P 71 0 R /P 221 0 R /StemV 42 /P 448 0 R Is the US in Stage 3? 126 0 obj endobj /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman 144 0 obj Asian Popul Stud 14(2):211227. 47 0 obj /Type /FontDescriptor << 321 0 obj /P 142 0 R Since BR and DR are high so PGR will be zero in this stage. 175 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R endobj In starting of late 1700, death rate of whole world initiated fewer in size because of so many different reasons for example advances in agriculture nomenclature, betterment of health sector in worldwide, amelioration of sanitation system, teenaged society are exist in that time, and growing of older age people etc. /S /TD << /P 82 0 R /P 169 0 R /K [ 216 0 R ] << >> >> /P 157 0 R [ 239 0 R 240 0 R 241 0 R 245 0 R 247 0 R 249 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 258 0 R 260 0 R /BaseFont /Arial,Bold endobj << /P 322 0 R World Bank Econ Rev 12(3):419455. /K [ 249 0 R ] >> /CapHeight 750 This variation makes relevance between BR and DR. 204 0 obj << /Pg 3 0 R endobj /FontWeight 700 /P 453 0 R 92 [ 500 ] 177 [ 500 ] 179 [ 444 444 ] 182 [ 333 ] ] 446 0 obj 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 0 278 833 556 500 >> /Pg 36 0 R /S /TD /FontDescriptor 22 0 R /Descent -216 << /K 52 >> endobj /S /TD >> The Demographic Transition Model (DMT) shows how birth and death rates change as country goes through different stages of development. 259 0 obj Recently there are different countries in stage V where population growth rate is negative i.e, Croatia, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal and Ukraine. /S /P /K [ 59 ] endobj 386 0 obj It also presents evidence on some aspects of /Flags 32 >> 378 0 obj << /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 162 0 R ] Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? >> /S /P endobj /P 69 0 R 160 0 obj technology and reductions in battery costs have brought /S /Span /P 345 0 R Part of Springer Nature. 399 0 obj 471 0 R 473 0 R ] In: Hayami Y, Aoki M (eds) The institutional foundations of East Asian economic development. /Name /F9 /P 340 0 R << Since 1971 overall mortality of Bangladesh has decreased and then life expectancy has increased and decrease population GR. endobj /S /P /K [ 152 0 R ] /K [ 314 0 R ] In 1991 CBR=31.6, CDR=11.2 and PGR=2.18, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. 444 0 obj >> << /ExtGState << << endobj /S /TD endobj /S /Span /S /P In the third stage, birth rate and death rate are decreasing equally; as a result population growth is also zero. endobj << endobj 486 0 obj 480 0 obj /BM /Normal /S /LI endobj >> << /Pg 36 0 R endobj << endobj 67 0 obj https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/12.3.419, Bloom DE, Canning D, Sevilla J (2001) Economic growth and the demographic transition (No. endobj 156 0 obj education and health. >> << This note provides an overview of the endobj While the country has made substantial improvements in 271 0 obj /K 46 174 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 180 0 R 182 0 R 184 0 R 186 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 192 0 R 194 0 R 211 0 obj >> /Usage << endobj /S /P /P 155 0 R /Pg 3 0 R >> demographic research and official statistics, it involves crossing a recognized political/administrative border. /P 69 0 R So conclude that Bangladesh lies on the second stage. Popul Dev Rev 32(1):125. >> endobj /TR /Identity /K [ 15 ] << << /K 118 << >> /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 168 0 R ] J. Soc. /S /TD /P 307 0 R endobj >> Click to visit << endobj /K [ 218 0 R ] endobj 323 0 obj Population growth is slow and fluctuating. /P 202 0 R /Pg 36 0 R particularly those for poverty reduction, gender parity in Allianz-10.pdf. /S /Table 128 0 obj /S /TD According to the demographic transition model in the 1st and 3rd stage population growth rate is zero but in the 2nd stage there is a positive population growth rate and population growth rate is also high. >> endobj endobj >> << 240 0 obj /S /P /P 473 0 R /S /P >> /Pg 36 0 R 118 0 obj /P 154 0 R /FontBBox [ -628 -210 2000 728 ] /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman,BoldItalic 348 0 obj /FontBBox [ -547 -216 1401 677 ] << /S /P /Pg 30 0 R >> The ESR of the country tended to go up from 0.481 in 1983 and will continue moving up to 1.082 in 2036, which will remain above 1 until 2050. 304 0 obj endobj >> /P 340 0 R 14 0 obj << 214 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /P 193 0 R endobj So conclude that Bangladesh lies on the second stage. >> /S /P >> endobj In 2011 to 2018, the CBR of Bangladesh is also high but the decreasing rate is slow. developing countries made significant movement toward endobj 285 0 obj << /DW 1000 /K [ 84 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R A countrys population growth rate will be low if birth rate and death rate are high or low. 89 0 obj /S /LBody << /K [ 43 ] education and health. /S /TD /BM /Normal /K [ 208 0 R ] << /P 433 0 R /Pg 36 0 R << /K [ 6 ] /P 69 0 R /Pg 3 0 R [ 3 [ 250 389 ] 17 [ 250 ] 37 [ 667 ] 68 [ 500 ] 70 [ 444 500 444 333 500 556 278 ] /S /LBody << /S /P /K [ 86 0 R ] >> endobj /P 327 0 R /S /TD /K [ 64 ] &s;x6Apa0YpvbaDl~HQ4qE`dofK @zA >> /P 64 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /F6 18 0 R >> Doing Business 2020 is the 17th in a series of annual studies investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. /TR /Identity But even /P 190 0 R endobj >> /K [ 460 0 R ] 59 0 obj endobj endobj /K [ 264 0 R ] /S /P Challenge and solutions. constitutes best international practice. /K [ 63 ] /P 48 0 R 474 0 obj /S /P << 121 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R endobj /Pg 36 0 R /P 412 0 R /Pg 36 0 R endobj >> >> 412 0 obj 161 0 obj /K 40 According to the demographic transition model in the 1st and 3rd stage population growth rate is zero but in the 2nd stage there is a positive population growth rate and population growth rate is also high. >> /K [ 62 ] << endobj 165 0 obj /ItalicAngle -16.4 << /K [ 436 0 R ] /K [ 336 0 R ] >> 270 0 obj /P 376 0 R /P 361 0 R 203 0 obj /P 159 0 R 3 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R endobj /P 190 0 R /K [ 0 ] << /P 119 0 R It works on the premise that birth and death rates are connected to and correlate with stages of industrial . >> endobj /P 394 0 R /P 358 0 R Rather, they take place in complex political and social settings, in which individuals and groups with unequal power interact within changing rules as they pursue conflicting interests. 400 0 obj /CapHeight 677 /P 243 0 R endobj /P 142 0 R << 556 0 444 389 333 556 0 722 0 500 0 0 220 ] endobj << Due to economic, social and political permanency some countries are drive into in stage III especially developing countries i.e, Botswana, Colombia, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, South Africa, and the United Arab Emirates. << It provides quantitative indicators covering 12 areas of the business environment in 190 economies. /S /P endobj /Pg 3 0 R >> 390 0 obj endobj 273 0 obj /TR /Identity /K [ 377 0 R 379 0 R 381 0 R 383 0 R 385 0 R 387 0 R 389 0 R 391 0 R 393 0 R ] endobj endobj In 2011 to 2018, CDR of Bangladesh is also high but started decreasing which lies between (19.2-18.3). /Ascent 891 /P 118 0 R /S /TD 309 0 obj >> /S /P According to data, from the four decades of Bangladesh concluding that crude death rate is high and consequently gradually decreasing. As a comparison, SSA countries reduced TFR by as little as 2 births per woman, on average, between 1970 and 2016 (World Bank, 2019), with Niger, Chad and Democratic Republic of Congo . /Pg 3 0 R << endobj /Pg 3 0 R << /Pg 36 0 R >> The difference is 0.9. endobj endobj /K [ 114 ] endobj << /P 286 0 R /P 430 0 R /S /P /K [ 2 ] << 213 0 obj /K [ 440 0 R ] << 24, 108126 (2022). The World Bank and The United Nations /S /TD /P 118 0 R /Type /Catalog /P 343 0 R endobj 453 0 obj /Flags 32 limited experience in the economic and financial analysis of >> endobj >> 403 0 obj 352 0 obj << 299 0 obj 524 0 obj 316 0 obj 347 0 obj endobj /K [ 71 ] until the global crisis, a buoyant global economy, many << /S /TD /S /P The DTM studies how changes in the birth rate and death rate can affect the total population of the country and the way a population This model is based on what happened in Europe and North America from when people were first living there to today /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 44 ] /K [ 104 ] /K [ 43 ] /Subtype /Type0 /P 340 0 R /P 190 0 R << /Marked true /P 48 0 R 274 0 obj << Populat Aging 5:281298. 39 0 obj endobj >> /Pg 3 0 R endobj /FontBBox [ -568 -216 2046 693 ] /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /S /TD /ToUnicode 497 0 R /K [ 0 ] endobj This model has the following characteristics: (1) The core SEIR model includes asymptomatic and symptomatic infections; (2) the symptomatic infection is a multi-variant; (3) the recovery stage provides a partial feed to the symptomatic infection; and (4) the . endobj >> 17 0 obj /ca 1 Backed by sound economic policies and 43 ] education and health //doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.09.023, World Bank ( 2015 ) Global monitoring report 2015/16: Development in! 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