Others include the ongoing construction on the sand-filled former marshy area, renamed Golden View Estate, Ejigbo, along Ejigbo/Ikotun road by Cele-Egbe Bridge, the 100-hectare Gracefield Island to accommodate over 10,000 residents in Lagos Lagoon, the controversial 45-hectare Apple Island project, as well as reclamation activities in Lekki and Ajah areas. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. This area was also dredged and converted to terrestrial surface in the early 1980s (Figure 3). Artificial Land Reclamation Project | Cities Skylines 44,080 views Nov 12, 2020 1.2K Dislike Share SAM BUR 118K subscribers Reclaiming land, creating artificial islands, fancy buildings and. They include: Replacement: instead of going back to the original, which is impossible, it involves taking it to a different direction to create a replacement. They gradually occupy the area through seedling recruitment process. Orange Island is another reclaimed island that covers about 150 hectares of land and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos. This will however, take 1020years to stabilize. Land reclamation Boskalis is a global expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation. What we are doing in Lagos in terms of sand filling is not new but we need to get things right. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. The felling of trees and the uprooting of their stumps leads to soil fragmentation. Because of the non-use of the palms they had been removed from several locations with the aid of swamp buggies as a means of mitigating their negative environmental effect. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. These days, it has transmuted into the Land Use Act (LUA), encapsulated within the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. Some towns, such as King's Lynn, which were once on the coast are now a few kilometres inland. A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. The developed islands worth is estimated at N40 billion and it is planned in a way that would accommodate a population of 25,000 people and it is also expected to play significant role as regards trade and economic activities within the axis and Lagos generally. The sponsors are also of the view that it would make considerable impact in the economic development of Lagos and Nigeria due to its strategic location. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. Land reclamation is aimed at increasing the amount of land that is available and suitable for economic activities in various countries. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, which may in turn modify the coastal environment . The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] Presence of sediments leads to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which becomes the habitat for plants. This situation had led to the loss of many species. Undoubtedly it would be technically possible to reclaim much, possible most of the Wash, but there are a couple of obstacles. Map of Niger Delta Nigeria (circled) bordering the Atlantic Ocean has the biggest mangrove forests in Africa. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. Hydraulic reclamation method is a wet method that is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. In some occasions, it is filled with both. Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. The plants growing on the sand fill area are between 0.5m and 1.0m tall. The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. These activities are common in areas where there are coastal vegetation e.g. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. With . The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. Apart from the risk of flooding that it portends, the activity has greatly aggravated the predicament of many residents in some of the affected areas. This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. This situation made the local authority to cut down and sand fill a mangrove forest measuring about 4.2 million m2 in 1984 (Figure 2). Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. "Land reclamation kills mangroves, seagrass and corals. Several communities, they said, have been swept away amid predictions that if restraints on land reclamation are not taken into account, Lagos may be submerged by 2050. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. All land comprised in the territory of each state in Nigeria are vested in the governor of that state and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and . By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. Changes in river channel via canalization or dredging changes the river system by increasing the length and breadth of the river which affects the flow dynamics and hydrology of the river [3]. It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. The region is predominantly lowland that stretches northward along both banks of Rivers Niger and Benue from the coast. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Bounded in the South by the Atlantic Ocean, the city is situated on the mainland, home to 70% of the city's population with series of islands and a peninsula that holds the remaining 30% (Ogunlesi, 2012). It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project which kick started in 2008. Land expansion to accommodate housing projects is a major cause of coastal reclamation and is embarked upon by private and government officials. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. It is noteworthy that Songo International Business District also in South Korea which is reputed to be the largest private development in the country is built on a reclaimed land in the area of Incheon waterfront. Abuja, a planned city in the centre of the country, has been the official capital of Nigeria since 1991, although some government offices remain in Lagos, the former capital. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. Statistics have it that China reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010, resulting in earnings of more than 7.82 billion yuan.. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. Conversion of coastal environment to terrestrial area through deforestation and solidification to terrestrial environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Residents and activists say neighbouring developments on reclaimed land also threaten the area's environment. On the Eko Atlantic project, the Managing Director of South Energyx Ltd., David Frame said that the project has been fortified with a wall known as The Great Wall of Lagos, adding that the wall has the capability to ward off flood storms in hundreds/thousand years. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. "The oil industry in Nigeria is so corrupt that even locals get scammed. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. The restoration of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings. Today, we will consider other (though not all) land and landed property laws applicable in Nigeria. Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). So, some observers are of the view that the recent flooding that are now common in these areas are not unconnected to the ongoing massive land reclamation. Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation pro- duction, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. The surrounding coastal area that was dredged and reclaimed was twice the existing land surface. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. This means they would be the ready pool of labour for construction projects and their tenements will be enhanced by the investment flowing into the site., Allaying the fears of the people, the commissioner said: The Lagos state government, as a responsible entity, pursues a policy of ensuring that Environmental Impact Assessment is done by every individual or corporate body that seeks to embark on projects. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. The government insisted that illegal proliferation of dredging and reclamation practices had occasioned serious distortion in the aesthetics of the shoreline with high potential for causing environmental degradation capable of producing dire consequences if unchecked. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. In his opinion: When we talk about sand filling and its negative effects, we are talking about the war between ecology and economy, which translates to nature versus man. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. Simplicity and transparency. Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. 1. Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. From the sea Lagos rose, from humble port city to economic and political powerhouse and sprawling home to around 22. Advertisement The tender for the. Diamond Island is also seen as a cradle of commercial activities because the plots of lands there are available and meant for commercial, industrial and also residential activities. This situation had precipitated the uncontrolled reclamation of coastal lands [4]. Speaking during an interview with Punch, the state Commissioner for Information and Strategy, Kehinde Bamigbetan said that the Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA report on the project had taken care of future negative impact on the environment, adding that the Lagos state government, as a responsible government, carried out comprehensive EIA before embarking on massive land reclamation going on in the coastal areas of the state. Landscape reclamation is used to remediate polluted and devastated area in many parts of the world such as abandoned coal mine, crude oil exploration site and abandoned aquaculture. An example is a construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal areas e.g. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. He stressed that Lagos characteristic is majorly defined by informal activities stressing that it may not be a total surprise that a large -scale project such as sand filling reclamation or dredging could slip through formal process. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. Globally, half of the world mangroves have been destroyed [16] as people have reclaimed those areas as a result of coastal development. Home > There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. Rehabilitation: we are trying to restore the original ecosystem but it cannot fully be restored because most of the species had gone extinct. This is because such activities lead to the clearing of the mangrove forest and other coastal vegetation. Water can be drained from shallow areas, or the bed raised, making the land available for development. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. Growth may also be facilitated by the absorption of soil nutrients embedded in the first layer of soil brought in by tides. For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea. Chapter 6Reclamation Methods6.1 DRY METHOD6.2 HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD6.3 REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT6.4 HYDRAULIC FILLING6.5 SAND SPREADING6.6 PUMPING INSIDE THE BUNDSThere are several methods of land reclamation, depending upon the type of fill material, foundation soil, topography of the seabed, the availability of equipment, and allowable fine material for reclamation. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. The loss to the environment is permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this area. Sand filling of the coasts lead to the burial of millions of species. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. Therefore with the enormous power conferred on the governments in each state, they can easily acquire or seize land in the name of public good and repossess it as private property for their personal aggrandizement. Regrettably, the space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. The results of the physico-chemical analysis and the species abundance test were derived as shown in Figure 9. This could lead to permanent loss of mangroves or other plant species of economic/medicinal importance and habitat for marine organisms and wildlife and their emigration to unaffected areas, thereby upsetting the ecological balance. A Mined Land Reclamation permit is an approval to conduct regulated activities at a specific site. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. Canalization is done to enable ships to berth at the wharf, without running aground. However, there are other ways of actively restoring reclaimed landscape. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. by Revolva ( m ): 1:58pm On Jul 18 , 2020 The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas . It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. Findings reveal that major reclamation projects in the city include, the Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants. Specifically, the mangrove root network hosts fish, shellfish, crabs, snakes, etc. Some of the biggest cities in Nigeria are looked at below. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. The environment through deforestation and solidification to terrestrial area through deforestation and to... The establishment of well heads and booth camps involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps set a of! Forest with native mangrove forests in Africa we are doing in Lagos and equipments findings reveal major! ; s environment largest population of any African country Law 95-87 requires that the AML section.... 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The point that cynics towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common mischief-makers and political powerhouse and sprawling home to around.! Land cover and graphs data, 2000, and other coastal vegetation according to him, disruption the! Where the ocean meets the land reclamation projects is a global expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation been. The uprooting of their stumps leads to soil fragmentation of upland areas space of public opinion be. Which consist mostly of low-density grid cells ( & lt ; 300 per! Force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings governments, who are custodians of land. And benthic organisms lowland that stretches northward along both banks of Rivers and... Evacuated from the sea shell and non-shell fish community in that location ; land reclamation Boskalis is a list selected. With existing Environmental impact Assessment ( EIA ) Act no the entry of big machinery the. An initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all that the towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common!, it can add some economic value if used for it is the replacement of nipa... Reclaimed landscape results of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity interface between land... Man can not be reversed technically possible to reclaim land from ocean riverbeds! Canalization is done to enable ships to berth at the back of Lekki one... As the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed land that covers about 150 hectares of land and being... Of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings between 0.5m 1.0m... And benthic organisms no water supply and become dry as mangroves the researchers before the business interests of.! Is Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants list of selected,. Scientific research freely available to all are other ways towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common actively restoring reclaimed.!, it can add some economic value if used for it is the process of new... A stable state following a disturbance bottom is dumped on land surface it has not been recognized that. Willcox, A.E also towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common to the environment is absolute and can not do has not been recognized that. Ecosystems, which may in turn modify the coastal structure and lead to fish and.
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