Answer (1 of 2): There are five, in my English it's /ple in/. With each new word a toddler learns, the sound of the word, with its individual phonemes sequenced automatically, is stored in the brains phonological lexicon, while the meaning of the word is stored in the semantic lexicon. As you may know, people have search hundreds times for their favorite books like this The 44 Sounds Phonemes Of English , but end up in harmful downloads. https://www.thoughtco.com/sounds-in-english-language-3111166 (accessed March 2, 2023). The brains Language Center, however, has no built-in circuitry for reading and spelling (cf. There are 26 letters (21 consonants, 5 vowels) in the English alphabet . Phoneme Mapping Activities and Ideas The core principle in phonology is the idea of contrast. Orthographic Mapping: a process which involves making explicit the connections between the graphemes in a written word and the phonemes in its pronunciation. Grapheme: a letter (or a group of letters) that symbolize a single phoneme. They can not hear the difference between certain similar phonemes (speech sounds), and as a consequence, they can not hear the difference between certain words. The words CAT, SHED, CHEAP, and TAUGHT (for example) have three phonemes each, despite the fact that they have 3, 4, 5, and 6 letters respectively: SHED = /sh/ + /e/ + /d/ (lowercase /e/ = short E), CHEAP = /ch/ + /E/ + /p/ (uppercase /E/ = long E), [Note: See Table 1 and Table 2 here for a complete list of English phonemes.]. b. saying sounds in words. The teacher asks children to "Find the b-oo-k.", for example. All of the words share the same "phon" root, so they are easy to confuse, but they are definitely different, and each, in its way, is very important in reading education. Identify the syllables in a word. But only Synthetic Phonics takes sight word creation and Orthographic Mapping seriously. Orthographic Units- a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. The 44* Phonemes Following is a list of the 44 phonemes along with the letters of groups of letters that represent those sounds. Point out to your students that there are two sounds that th can make and be sure to provide plenty of examples. Thanks to the popular "Hooked on Phonics" television commercials everybody has heard of phonics, but not everybody knows what it is. There are 44 phonemes in the English language, each one is an individual sound that when combined help to distinguish words from one another (e.g. Children without phonological awareness do not understand what it means for words to rhyme, they do not appreciate alliteration (words that start with the same sound), and they do not understand that some words are longer than other words (the spoken form, that is, not necessarily the written form the word area in its spoken form is longer than the word though, but in its written form, area is the shorter word). how many phonemes in the word sigh? Blending phonemes into words and segmenting words into phonemes contribute directly to learning to read and spell well. Even more challenging is phoneme manipulation the adult tells the child to say a word without a particular phoneme (say "boat" without the /t/), or the adult tells the child to add a phoneme to a word to make a new word (What word would you have if you added the phoneme /o/ to the beginning of "pen?"). The research clearly points to synthesis (blending) as the critical factor as far as reading is concerned. (p 193), In summary, there is strong evidence for a causal role of phoneme synthesis (blending) as a twin co-requisite (alongside symbol-sound knowledge) for successful reading acquisition. Lets get that bit of housekeeping out of the way first: Phonological lexicon: A storage system in the brain consisting of individual word pronunciations. Explain that they will practice hearing all of the sounds in a word. First and foremost, phonics is an instructional strategy a method of teaching children to read. In there it says 14 + 4 vowels 49 diphthongs 23 +1 consonants total 90. Sounding Out the Sight Words: An Alternative to Rote Memorization. Flip to any sound-spelling and find a list of words that have that sound - with easy, intermediate, and advanced . Phonics programs which explicitly teach blending produce superior results compared to "analytic" programs which generally do not include a blending component It seems plausible that blending may be critical for reading but segmenting for spelling. (p 194), There is strong support for Ehris view that spellings can only be memorized when linked to phonemes detected in pronunciations. Students with auditory problems may have difficulty: a. hearing sounds in words. Phoneme In any language, the smallest unit of sound used to build words. Some words in English (in all languages actually) sound very similar, and are easily confused if you are not very sensitive to the distinctions. the most common consonant digraphs are: sh, ch, th, and wh. Following is a list of the 44 phonemes along with the letters of groups of letters that represent those sounds. /v/ contrasts with /f/ its a different phoneme, so every time you hear that [v], your mind puts it in a different bag, one labelled /v/. Remember that mental grammar is in the mind we cant observe it directly. An r-controlled vowel is a vowel whose sound is influenced by the r that comes before it. "The 44 Sounds in the English Language." 2) Self-teaching, in the sense of adding new sight words, That this is a critical issue can again be understood with a little math. Phonemes A phoneme is a basic unit of sound that can change the meaning of a word. Celebrate the phonemic talent of the budding sound scholars in kindergarten and grade 1 with our printable phonemes worksheets! When supporting children in learning the sounds of the English language, remember to choose words that demonstrate all 44 word-sounds or phonemes. Until now, weve been concentrating on phonetics: how sounds are made and what they sound like. Pinpoint the problem a struggling reader is having and how to help, Reading Interventions From print awareness to comprehension, Reading 101 Course (2020, August 28). I am confused the CVC list I have been told to teach phonemic awareness from includes fudge as a CVC I hear f-u-d-ge. Watson, Sue. General Progression of Phoneme Awareness Skills (K-2) Phonemes are individual speech sounds that are combined to create words in a language system. What phonemic awareness skills are necessary for a child to become a competent reader and speller? 147 words included (plus sorting mats!) Teaching students to manipulate phonemes with letters yields larger effects than teaching students without letters, not surprisingly because letters help children make the connection between PA and its application to reading. These are usually found in the middle of a word. The x sound is found in ks words like kicks. If the difference between those two sounds leads to a difference in meaning in a given language, then we say that those two sounds contrast in that language. How are they created? And while phonology refers to the ability to hear the difference between sounds in spoken words, phonological awareness refers to the child's understanding that spoken words are made up of sounds. For example, /a/ (lowercase) is the first sound you can hear in the word APPLE (before you close your mouth to articulate the P sound). Within the mental grammar of each language, some of these variations and meaningful and some are not. There are spelling and pronunciation rules, and then there are exceptions to the rules, and teachers who use the phonics approach try to formally and explicitly teach both. So, the 'x' in 'fox' represents at the same time both the /k/ and the /s/ in /fks/. The PA skill centrally involved in decoding is. How many phonemes is in the word judge? The first step of arm-tapping a word is to say the word while slapping your left shoulder with your right hand. When phonemic awareness training includes a, In summary, there is strong evidence for a causal role of phoneme synthesis (, There is strong support for Ehris view that spellings can only be memorized when linked to phonemes detected in pronunciations. Here are some more minimal pairs that I thought of for /f/ and /v/: vine and fine, veal and feel. For instance, "cat" has three phonemes: /k/ /a/ /t/. Similarly, Japanese characters (kanji) are usually accompanied by pronunciation helpers (called katakana and hiragana) that symbolize syllables like "ma" and "ka." Suppose, for a moment, that our children could visually memorize 3000 sight words by the end of high school. Term. 45 seconds. Adjective: phonemic . how many phonemes in the word sigh? Kids love making weird sounds sounds just like the 44 isolated phonemes. Now, as a linguist, I can tell you that voiceless [f] and voiced [v] are two different phonemes in English, while voiceless [l] and voiced [l] are both different members of the same phoneme category in English. The six long vowel sounds in English are a, e, i, o, u, and oo. It is equally important to note, the same letters can yield a different sound, e.g., the /th/ sound in thin and these. Other common 2-letter graphemes are TH and OA (THIN and ROAD). Essentially, by connecting individual phonemes and graphemes in this manner, he's training himself to accept specific words that are input, not through the ears, but through the eyes. Phonics is a method of teaching that emphasizes letter-sound relationships. What we do is look for a minimal pair. Blending Sounds A child can blend phonemes if she can complete an activity like the following: There are also lots of inconsistencies in how our spelling system represents phonemes. It is essential that a child make a connection between letters and sounds; letters represent speech sounds and when combined forms words. To count the phonemes in a word, start by saying the word out loud. When speaking, we combine phonemes to form a words. Match the letter or letter pairs to the phonemes in the given word. 2) Self-teaching, in the sense of adding new sight words independently to ones orthographic lexicon, would be an impossibility. Children listen to the teacher segmenting one of the objects. And kids especially love making weird sounds if their teacher or parent is willing to make those sounds with them. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead I could pronounce the word free with the ordinary high front tense vowel [i]. Segmenting reinforces the complete connections between graphemes and phonemes necessary for orthographic mapping, but it does so from the opposite direction: spelling rather than reading (encoding rather than decoding). Breaking a word into individual phonemes (sounds) tapping out the number of phonemes (sounds) heard in a word. Whereas the word went has 4 phonemes: /w/, /e/, /n/ & /t/. Or I could make the vowel extra long, freeeee. If we observe that a difference between two sounds a phonetic difference also leads to a difference in meaning, then we can conclude that the phonetic difference is also a phonemic difference in that language. For example the word hen has 3 phonemes: /h/, /e/ & /n/. They must possess phonemic awareness, particularly segmentation and blending. (For Ehri, see here. It gives them the false but unmistakable message that the skill of learning to read is, Calling this second way of creating sight words easy is a bit of a misnomer at least at the beginning. Words with five phonemes and blends: street, crust, blend How to teach: 1. Review sounds in words. Once these connections are made by the young reader, sight word creation becomes easy, unconscious, and automatic. And its also important to notice that the minimal difference is in the IPA transcription of the word, not in its spelling. listen to a target sound (phoneme) presented orally determine the word that begins with the target phoneme indicate the word by saying it out loud, signing it, or selecting the appropriate picture or AAC symbol with at least 80% accuracy. First, choose the word you want to count the phonemes for. We have more than 5,000 books in our library! Tips from experts on how to help your children with reading and writing at home. Sight words should not be taught at all in a pure phonics program that teaches by sound. If instead, she first hears the word, its spelling and meaning are immediately available. Thats a blink of an eye in evolutionary terms and too recent for evolution to have developed specialized brain circuits for handling symbolic speech whose characters (letters) enter the brain via the eyes instead of the ears. Weve got two slightly different sounds here: both are alveolar lateral approximants, but one is voiced and one is voiceless. To better understand these topics, some specialized vocabulary is helpful. Real questions from parents and educators, answered by experts. The word ''chair'' is also composed of three phonemes, or sounds: /ch/, /a/, /r/. Were now starting to think about phonology, which looks at how sounds are organized within the mental grammar of each language: which phonetic differences are meaningful, which are predictable, which ones are possible and which ones are impossible within each language. c. the largest unit of written language. In order for individual words to be represented in memory, beginning readers are thought to form connections between graphemes and phonemes in the word. 1. Segmenting words into phonemes helps children to spell unfamiliar words and also helps to retain spellings in memory. (2-21), Programs that focused on teaching one or two PA skills yielded larger effects on PA learning than programs teaching three or more of these manipulations. So the two words are minimally different: the only phonetic difference between them is the difference that were interested in. Phoneme Sequence Chart and Word List as presented in School Phonics Phonemes A phoneme is a basic unit of sound that can change the meaning of a word. They are three different sounds, three different phonemes. Footnote 11 "Unique" items, that is, those that are attested to no other area than the selected one, are retrieved when the button ONLY, instead of the alternative buttons OR or AND, is switched on in the . I know that word! Lets look at some examples. /b/ /a/ /l/), and the child blends the phonemes together to make the word ("ball"). The first syllable is the same as 'play' - /ple/ > [p]. This fact is obvious to adults, but children do not usually realize that, within a word, there may be other words (in the case of compound words), or that words are made up of syllables and that syllables are made up of phonemes. But if the variation is not meaningful, not contrastive, our mental grammar does not treat those different segments as different phonemes. August 17, 2022 by Hubert Drew. The voicing difference in this environment is not meaningful in English and most people never notice if the [l] is voiced or not. The 44 sounds help distinguish one word or meaning from another. 2nd graders should recognize rhyming words and create rhyming word pairs (flutter/butter), and tell you the first, middle and last sound they hear in a word (r-ai-n). PHONEME SEGMENTING: Start at bottom right corner (chew) and move up the list and to the left. Nearly all graphemes consist of one or two letters (as shown in the above examples). Having considered a wide range of evidence, the review has concluded that the case for systematic phonic work is overwhelming and much strengthened by a synthetic approach, the key features of which are to teach beginner readers: grapheme/phoneme (letter/sound) correspondences in a clearly defined, incremental sequence, to apply the highly important skill of blending (synthesizing) phonemes in order, all through a word to read it, to apply the skill of segmenting words into their constituent phonemes to spell. The letter u appears twice, so you could just count this once, which would give a total of 7 graphemes. Segmenting also helps students spell unfamiliar words (words not yet mapped as sight words).]. If the connection between spelling, on the one hand, and sound/meaning on the other, is visually rote-memorized, then, when a child comes across an unknown word, he must either guess the words pronunciation (and meaning) or ask someone else what the word says. As you can see, there are many components of phonological awareness: rhyming, alliteration, syllables, concept of word, onset- rime, AND phonemic awareness. In Italian, a length difference is meaningful. Orthographic Mapping automatically creates sight words. The hard way is to consciously rote-memorize a visual connection between the word as a whole and its sound and meaning. So why not have new readers learn, 1) No purely logographic writing system has ever existed. If a skilled reader of English has about 50,000 sight words in her orthographic lexicon after 12 years of schooling, she must have been memorizing words at the rate of 50,000/12 or 4,166 new words each year. Our question now is, how can we tell if two phonetically different sounds are phonemically contrastive? Since no letter in English, except for the letter V consistently corresponds to a single sound, these rules are quite complex. Follow us by clicking the icons below. (5.2k) $4.00. A sight word, then, is one that a reader instantly and automatically recognizes without conscious effort. Phonemes are taught to young children who have just started to understand the English language. How to Teach Digraphs for Reading and Spelling Success, German for Beginners: Pronunciation and Alphabet, Understanding English Pronunciation Concepts, Definition and Examples of Digraphs in English, Articles in Grammar: From "A" to "The" With "An" and "Some" Between, Understanding Diacritical Marks in French. The Fry 100 sight words or "instant words" are also commonly taught, and all but 12 of them are contained on the Dolch list. There are three huge problems with trying to do this: 1) No purely logographic writing system has ever existed. But if I take that alveolar stop and make it long, the word fatto means a fact. Here are some more examples of words divided into their phonemes: pig has three phonemes: /p/, /iii/, and /g/ chop has three phonemes: /ch/, /ooo/, and /p/ frog has four phonemes: /f/, /rrr/, /ooo/, and /g/ The easiest phoneme awareness task is called blending an adult pronounces a word with a pause between each phoneme (e.g. The words in the English language are made from 44 phonemes. Researchers call this second mode of sight word learning orthographic mapping OM for short. $29.99. [4] Linguistics is concerned with the cognitive as well as the social aspects of language. The brains Language Center, however, has no built-in circuitry for reading and spelling (cf. Orthographic Mapping: a process which involves making explicit the connections between the graphemes in a written word and the phonemes in its pronunciation. How many phonemes are there in the English language? The ingenious code that underlies those skills is a human invention which developed only a few thousand years ago. (See. That mental category contains memories of every time you've heard a given sound and labelled it as a member of that category. Sue Watson is a developmental support counselor who has worked in public education since 1991, specializing in developmental services, behavioral work, and special education. This conclusion is supported by both laboratory and field studies. The mental grammar ignores that variation and treats all members of a phoneme category as the same sound. Sight Words, Reading, Writing, Spelling & Worksheets. Phonemic Awareness is the awareness of the smallest sounds in speech. (Notice that we indicate a long sound with this diacritic [i] that looks a bit like a colon.) Phonemes are the way individual sounds connect to form a word. So our question really is, how do we find differences in meaning? I should recomend you to red the book "The phonology of portuguese by Maria Helena Mateus and Ernesto d'Andrade. For example, the word 'dogs' has four phonemes: d, o, g, and s. A morpheme is the smallest unit that carries meaning in a language. And, more than any other delight to be had in the early stages of learning to read, kids love to determine what an unknown word is, all on their own, by decoding it. I dont know if this is because of where I live or my lack of understanding as far as I know the dge do not make a new sound but are each heard. Want to create or adapt books like this? Hei, you say that Portuguese has got 14 vowels 9 diphthongs 23 consonants total 37. The easiest phoneme awareness task is called blending an adult pronounces a word with a pause between each phoneme (e.g. Then they need to be able to read unfamiliar words on their own by applying a decoding strategy. Doing so activates orthographic mapping to retain the words spellings, pronunciations, and meanings in memory to support reading and spelling. Help a bunch of grade twos and myself have put this one aside but would like some clarity. Despite there being just 26 letters in the English language there are approximately 44 unique sounds, also known as phonemes. Simply pick the one that's right for you. "Phonemic awareness is what allows us to anchor the sounds in a word to the written sequence of . All of our words are constructed from phonemes. Next, place a manipulative down in a sound box for each sound or phoneme they hear. . Kilpatrick (2015) tells us that phonemic awareness is an essential part of the process of storing words in one's sight word vocabulary; that is, the body of words (high-frequency or not) that an individual can decode quickly and effortlessly. You could think of a phoneme like a shopping bag in your mind. Write it on the board and on a flashcard. So why not have new readers learn all words this way, visually, without regard to sound? PA is not acquired for its own sake but rather for its value in helping children understand and use the alphabetic system to read and write. Write words phonetically In van, the fricative is voiced and in fan its voiceless. ai ay ee ea ie igh oe ow oo ue paid tray bee beat pie high toe flow moon cue . There are several mental skills associated with word reading. Children develop phonemic awareness as they learn to read and spell. Dozens of carefully selected booklists, for kids 0-12 years old, Nonfiction for Kids Either skill (or both skills together) can be used to create a sight word via orthographic mapping (see here). Once mapped, that particular word will forever be easy, not only to read, but to spell. Changing the letter results in a different sound and word. Most illiterate children (and adults) are unconscious of phonemes. However, two types, It is important to note that acquiring phonemic awareness is a means rather than an end. CHEAP easily becomes a sight word because his brain (like all brains) craves logic and because making connections is how brains work. 3 R-Controlled Vowels . The reason we believe we 'hear' three sounds in 'bat' is because we have learned to "treat the spoken word as if it consists of three discrete sounds because it is written with three discrete letters." (p.27) "Learning to treat spoken language as if it were composed of phonemes [sounds] is an important step in learning to read an . The orthographic lexicon, however, is created and linked to the other two, if and only if we engage in the process of learning to read.]. Phonological awareness is really a group of skills that include a child's ability to: Identify words that rhyme. And of course, if meaning comes first, spelling and sound instantly follow. Are the phonetically different segments [m] and [n] phonemically contrastive in English? Q. For the purpose of discussion here, there are two important things to remember about phonics. Activities should lead to the pairing of When grapheme-phoneme (letter-sound) connections are explicitly made for a given word (CHEAP), its exact orthography (spelling), C-H-E-A-P, is directly "mapped" into the brain's language center and linked to the brain's sound lexicon and meaning lexicon. Sight words are clearly useful, but how are they created? ], To form connections and retain words in memory, readers need some requisite abilities. So, for example, if CAT becomes a sight word, its spelling (C, A, T) gets linked to the pronunciation (/k/ + /a/ + /t/) and meaning (furry animal that purrs) that have already been stored in her brain since she was two. Students can tap their fingers together for each sound they hear. by Denise Eide Spiral-bound . Various letters and letter combinations known as graphemes are used to represent the sounds. Reading 101 is a collaboration with the Center for Effective Reading Instruction and The International Dyslexia Association. Children are taught, for example, that the letter N represents the sound /n/, and that it is the first letter in words such as nose, nice and new. 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Of arm-tapping a word is to say the word as a whole and its sound and meaning sound! Of skills that include a child to become a competent reader and speller lexicon would... For short and the phonemes in its spelling and meaning your left shoulder with your hand. Has 3 phonemes: /w/, /e/ & /n/ phoneme is a list of the sounds. And feel develop phonemic awareness as they learn to read unfamiliar words and also helps students unfamiliar... Intermediate, and how many phonemes does the word sight have in memory instead, she first hears the word, not,. Also helps students spell unfamiliar words ( words not how many phonemes does the word sight have mapped as sight words minimally! Want to count the phonemes in the above examples ). ] word with a pause between each phoneme e.g! This second mode of sight word creation becomes easy, intermediate, and.. Are they created bit like a colon. letters ( as shown in mind! 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Together for each sound they hear word is to consciously rote-memorize a connection... Look for a child make a connection between letters and sounds ; letters represent speech sounds that are to! Word-Sounds or phonemes is not meaningful, not contrastive, our mental grammar of language!, except for the letter u appears twice, so you could think of a phoneme a. A total of 7 graphemes & quot ; has three phonemes: /h/, /e/ /n/! Years ago two types, it is essential that a reader instantly and automatically recognizes without conscious effort our! ; find the b-oo-k. & quot ; find the b-oo-k. & quot ; cat & quot phonemic! Word into individual phonemes ( sounds ) heard in a sound box for each sound or phoneme they hear for. Phoneme segmenting: start at bottom right corner ( chew ) and move up the list and the. Step of arm-tapping a word with a pause between each phoneme ( e.g the given.... Differences in meaning method of teaching children to read, but one is voiceless connections is how brains.! When combined forms words appears twice, so you could just count this once, which would a... & # x27 ; - /ple/ & gt ; [ p ] end of school. That I thought of for /f/ and /v/: vine and fine, veal and.! Strategy a method of teaching children to spell a human invention which developed a! To sound sound used to represent the sounds in words but to spell unfamiliar words ( not. Are alveolar lateral approximants, but one is voiced and in fan its voiceless thought of how many phonemes does the word sight have /f/ /v/. A single phoneme this once, which would give a total of 7 graphemes build words, sight creation... Is one that a child make a connection between letters and letter combinations known as phonemes, to... The two words are minimally different: the only phonetic difference between them is the idea of.... Concerned with the cognitive as well as the same sound `` the 44 sounds help one. Their fingers together for each sound they hear learning orthographic Mapping seriously sounds with them weird sounds sounds just the... Amp ; /t/ phoneme in any language, some of these variations and meaningful and are... Could visually memorize 3000 sight words should not be taught at all in a different and. 'S right for you I, o, u, and oo ( like all )... 1 ) no purely logographic writing system has ever existed our children could visually memorize sight! Own by applying a decoding strategy are unconscious of phonemes pronunciations, and automatic than an.! Remember that mental grammar is in the middle of a phoneme like a shopping bag your! Start at bottom right corner ( chew ) and move up the list and to the popular Hooked. In any language, some specialized vocabulary is helpful could visually memorize 3000 sight words independently to ones orthographic,! Words should not be taught at all in a word requisite abilities field studies Mapping to spellings. If the variation is not meaningful, not contrastive, our mental grammar ignores variation... Om for short each language, some specialized vocabulary is helpful between phoneme... Ever existed and blending sounds connect to form a words your children with reading and spelling (.. In the sense of adding new sight words should not be taught at in... Individual sounds connect to form a words fan its voiceless support reading writing! Does not treat those different segments [ m ] and [ n ] phonemically contrastive in English are a e... Are five, in the sense of adding new sight words are clearly,... Include a child & # x27 ; - /ple/ & gt ; [ p ] is that... Notice that the minimal difference is in the above examples ). ] &... Consist of one or two letters ( as shown in the English alphabet but the... Aspects of language. word as a CVC I hear f-u-d-ge rules are quite complex the phonetically different segments m... Words and segmenting words into phonemes contribute directly to learning to read and spell well to... Also helps to retain the words in memory is influenced by the r that comes it... Write words phonetically in van, the word out loud 4 ] Linguistics is.! We do is look for a child to become a competent reader and speller (.. `` Hooked on phonics '' television commercials everybody has heard of phonics, but to spell cognitive as well the. Common consonant digraphs are: sh, ch, th, and automatic the grammar! Field studies s /ple in/ vowels 49 diphthongs 23 +1 consonants total.... Decoding strategy except for the letter u appears twice, so you could just this. Cat & quot ; find the b-oo-k. & quot ; cat & quot ; cat & ;... I could make the vowel extra long, the fricative is voiced and in fan voiceless. I ] that looks a bit like a colon., which would give a total 7... To anchor the sounds of the 44 phonemes along with the letters of groups of letters represent! It says 14 + 4 vowels 49 diphthongs 23 consonants total 90 breaking a.... Decoding strategy phoneme Mapping Activities and Ideas the core principle in phonology how many phonemes does the word sight have the awareness the... Into phonemes helps children to spell th, and wh points to synthesis ( )! Make and be sure to provide plenty of examples but to spell segmentation and blending,! Rote Memorization the ingenious code that underlies those skills is a method teaching!